LIBRARY OF-CONGRESS. 



Chap.. ., CopyrigM No.. 

Shelf„6.f:..i.9 I- 
\/x<a 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 




THE FORMAL FUNDUS OF THE EYE. 



A TEXT BOOK 



OF 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY 



BY 

GEO. G. VAN MATER, M.D., D.V.S. 

Professor of Ophthalmology in the American Veterinary College^ 
Oculist and Aurist to St. Martha'' s Sanitarium and Dispen- 
sary ; Consulting Eye and Ear Surgeon to the Twenty- 
sixth Ward Dispensary ; Eye and Ear Surgeon, 
Brooklyn Eastern District Dispensary, Etc. 



ILLUSTRATED BY ONE CHROMO LITHOGRAPH PLATE AND 
SEVENTY-ONE ENGRAVINGS 




New York: 

WILLIAM R. JENKINS, 

Veterinary Publisher and Bookseller, 

851 & 853 Sixth Avenue. 

1897. 



-c 






COPTBIGHT. 1897. BY TN'lLLIAM R. JeNKINS. 

All liigJitx lieiierred. 



Printed by the 

Press of William R. .Tkxkixs, 

New YoiiK, 



THIS BOOK 

IS 
AFFECTION ATET.Y DEDICATED 

BY THE AUTHOR 
TO 

HIS MOTHER. 



PREFACE. 



My excuse for perpetrating this work consists 
in shifting the blame on the students who sd 
often have asked me to recommend something- 
that could be studied without necessitating the 
perusal of many pages. And so this is the result. 
I lay claim to but little originality, although 
what I have told is the result of conscientious 
study, supplemented by practice, both private and 
clinical, and careful observation. Let me hope, 
therefore, that my motives will be taken into 
consideration by any critic who may deem this 
publication worthy of notice. 

Brooklyn, Jan. 1st, 1S97. 
354 Macon Street. 



A TEXT BOOK 

/ 

OF 

VETERINAEY OPHTHALMOLOGY 



INTRODUCTION. 

The visual apparatus consists of tlie eyeballs and 
their accessory parts. The means of communication 
to the brain are the optic nerves. Each eyeball 
{Bulbus) forms a hollow spherical box, blackened in- 
teriorly, Avith a system of convex lenses, in front, for 
forming images of external objects, and the retina 
behind, which is the perceptive membrane. The whole 




Fig. 1.— Formation of an image in the eye. (Landois.) 

By following the rays from the object A B, it may be seen that they are 
brought to a focus on the retina, where a small inverted image is 
formed. 

is likened to a camera obscura. A camera obscura is an 
optical apparatus, consisting of a darkened chamber, at 



6 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

the top of which is placed a box or lantern containing a 
convex lens and sloping mirror, or a prism combining 
the lens and mirror. The rays of light from surrounding 
objects are received by th6 lens, and the mirror reflects 
images of the scenery downwards on a table placed 
underneath (invented by Batista Porta in the end of the 
16th century). Now the light passes through the 
cornea, aqueous humor, lens and vitreous humor, and is 
focussed on the retina. The retina appreciates both 
intensity and color. Images which are formed on the 




Fig. 2. — Scheme of accommodation. (Lnndois.) 

The right side of the figure represents the condition of the lens during ac- 
commodation for a new object, and the left side when the eye is at rest. 
The letters indicate the same parts on both sides ; those on the right 
side are marked with a stroke. A, left, B, right half of the lens : C, 
cornea ; S, sclerotic ; CS, canal of Schlemm ; VK, anterior chamber ; J, 
iris ; P, margin of the pupil ; V, anterior surface ; H, posterior surface 
of the lens ; R, margin of the lens ; F, margin of the ciliary processes ; 
A B, space between the two former ; the line Z X indicates the thick- 
ness of the lens during accommodation for a near object ; Z Y the 
thickness of the lens when the eye is passive. 

retina are inverted. (Fig. 1.) These impressions are 
conveyed to the brain by the optic nerves, and thence 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 7 

we have resulting — vision. Vision in all animals de- 
pends on the sensibility of the retina (optic nerve 
filaments) to the vibration of luminous rays. The 
amount of light admitted to the eye is regulated by a 
curtain, the iris, the movements of which are reflex. 
The eye adjusts itself (accommodation) for distances, so 
that the retina is properly focussed for distance and 
for objects near by. (Fig. 2.) At the base of the 
horse's eye is found a collection of pigment cells — bril- 
liant — called the ta2Mtum, and in a darkened stall one 
may get the reflex from the eye, bluish in color, more 
of a yellow in the ox and reddish-yellow in the cat. 

In the horse the eyes are placed in their oibits in- 
clined toward the sides. Only a portion of a view is 





mk 


: -^ - - 


—=■ ' 


^— \ - _ ::jr 


-r^^.^- ^ 


. V - - — - 


^ V -- .— -— ^- - 


'^^&s' 


'\: 





Fig. 8. 

perfectly appreciated at one time, the surrounding 
being less and less distinct, but from the perfect action 



8 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

of the extrinsic muscles the bulbi are rotated so exten- 
sively and with such harmony that the field is quite 
extensive. Where rays of light proceed from a lumi- 
nous body, they always pass in straight lines, forming 
in their divergence a cone, the apex of which is the 
luminous body, and the base any plane which may in- 
tercept them. So long, then, as they travel in a medium 
of uniform density, so long will they travel in straight 
lines. Rays passing from a rarer to a denser medium 
are bent toward the perpendicular at the point of inci- 
dence. (Fig. 3.) Should they fall upon ^.polished sur- 
face perpendicularly, they will be reflected in a straight 

line. If obliquely, 
they will be reflected, 
and the angle of re- 
flection is equal to the 
angle of incidence. 
(Fig. 4.) If they pass 
^'^' ^' from a denser to a 

rarer medium, they will be bent from the perpendi- 
cular (see Fig. -S). 

If a luminous ray passes through a piece of glass, 
the ray striking obliquely, it will be bent toward the 
perpendicular, but, on its glassing from the glass to the 
air (denser to rarer), it will be bent (nnay from the per- 
pendicular. We have seen rays of light passing 
through plane surfaces. Let us see it through curved 
surfaces. It is supposed the circumference of a circle 
is made up of a number of small, straight lines. Take 




VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 9 

a double convex lens. (Fig. 5.) Rays of light passing 
through this are bent toward the perpendiculai-, and 




Diagram illustrating the composition of a convex lens of a number of 
plane surfaces. 

therefore these rays come to a focus ; and where the 
focus is, we will find light and heat, because of the num- 




Fig. 6. 



ber of light and lieat rays converged at one spot. Re- 
member that a ray striking a plane perpendicularly 



10 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

will not be acted upon, but will pass through un- 
changed, and this is the chief axis. 

The distance between the central point of the lens and 
the focus is the focal distance. If the direction of the 
rays are reversed and they proceed from a luminous 
point at the focus, the rays will emerge from the lens, 
parallel. 

When the distance of the light from the lens is 
eqnal to the focal distance, the focus will lie at the 
same distance on the opposite side of the lens, or tvnce 
the focal distance. 

If the luminous point approach the lens, the focal 
point is moved farther away. If the rays proceed 
from a chief point on the chief axis between the lens 
and principal focus, they will diverge on the opposite 
side of the lens, and not come to a focus. (Fig. 7.) In 




Fig.' 



ordinary lenses, the refraction is not equal in amount 
at the center and periphery. 

Rays passing through the optical center are not re- 
fracted, while those which pass near the center are less 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 



11 



refracted than those which pass near the circumference ; 
so, you see, the nearer the circumference, the more 
the amount of refraction. Tliis is called spherical ab- 
erration, which may be corrected as follows : — Increase 
the density of the central part of the lens, which will 
cause it to act more strongly on the rays. Now see : 
this is just what the lens (crystalline) does in the eye, 
as it is more dense in its center than periphery. Or, 




Fig. 8. 
The rays passing tiirougli the. edges of the lens have a shorter focal dis- 
tance than those passing nearer to the center. 

placing a diaphragm between the object of which the 
image is to be formed and the lens, thus cutting off 
those rays which pass through the peripheral portion 
of the lens, the image therefore being formed by the 
rays passing through the center. This is also a con- 
dition existing in the eye, for have Ave not the iris, and 
what is the iris but a diaphragm, which is capable of 
modification? Now, light, after all, is a composite 



12 YETERINAIIY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

affair, being composed of seven colors, — violet, indigo, 
blue, green, yellow, orange and red. One may demon- 
strate this by using a triangular piece of glass — a 
prism — and intercepting a beam of light, which will be 
split up Into its component parts, the red rays being 




Fig. 9. 

Diagram illustrating the decomposition, in passing through a prism, of 
white light into the seven colors of the spectrum (Biclard) : r, red > 
o, orange ; j, yellow ; v. green ; b, blue ; i, indigo ; vi, violet. 

refracted the least and the violet the most. It is not 
the province of a small compilation, such as is repre- 
sented by this little work, to give full details in the 
physiology of sight. That must be culled from your 
various text-books on physiology. That ]3oint at which 
the image is focused on the retina is called the "field of 
projection." Here the visual purple becomes bleached 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 



13 




Fig. 10. 
Anterior portion and ciliary region of the eye. C, cornea ; c S, Schlemm's 
canal ; O s, ora serrata ; Ip, pectinated ligament ; e F, Fontana's space ; 
T, tendinous ring ; ni, meridional fibers ; c, circular fibers of the ciliary 
muscle ; Z, zone of Zinn. The full lines indicate the crystalline lens, 
iris, and ciliary body in a state of rest, the dotted lines show the same 
in a state of accommodation. 



14 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 



— undergoes change — and its action and function is now 
the subject of much question. 

The question of inverted images, etc., will be more 
fully dealt with in the lecture-room. Accommodation is 
that faculty of the eye of adapting itself to distances of 
varying degree, and is accomplished by the action of the 
ciliary muscle upon the capsule of the lens, through the 
zonule of Zinn. When accommo- 
dated for near objects, the pupil 
contracts ; when for more distant 
objects, the obverse is the case. 
These changes (contraction and 
dilation) are reflex, and are 
brought about by the action of 
two sets of fibers (muscular) — the 
sphincter, which are circular, sup- 
plied by the 3d pair (motor-oculi) ; 
and the dilator pupillse, which are 
the radiating fibers,supplied almost 
entirely by the trigeminus and the 
*"* cervical sympathetic. Now, sup- 
p, pigment 'cell of the re- POse wc divide the 3d, what results ? 
tina connected with a pHates of coursc ; and why ? The 

rod. n, Cone seated on 

the merabrana limitans Sympathetic gets in Its work and is 
in full possession of the field ; the 
dilator fibers contract, and a wide open pupil is the 
result. On the other hand, cause a solution of con- 
tinuity in the sympathetic, and contraction is the re- 




VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 15 

suit. The sphincter fibers contract and narrow down 
the pupil. If both nerves be stimulated simultane- 
ously, we will observe that the sphincter set are the 
more powerful, for contraction will ensue. In the pre- 
sence of bright light we have contraction. Stimulation 
in the floor of Aqueduct of Sylvius causes contrac- 
tion. Pupillary caliber is modified by action of 
certain drugs, of which more hereafter. The retinal 
action and its results are far from being satisfactorily 
explained to the ophthalmic student, as yet. We know 
that it is the rod and cone layer only, which is con- 
cerned in the formation of the image. The most acute 
Yision is at the macula lutea^ or yellow spot. We 
will speak of only the rod and cone layer in this part 
of our little brochure, and under the retina will delve 
deeper into its layers. 

The external layer, consisting of rods and cones 
closely packed together, i. e., small transparent rods, 
end on, close together, and scattered among them with- 
out regularity, a cone here and there. At the macula 
we find numerous cones and an absence of rods. Also 
at this place, find ganglionic and yellow pigment cells. 
Now, remember, light is a sensation only. 

Remember, also, we spoke of the visual purple. As 
yet we know not of its precise function, but that it is 
concerned in the perception and recognition of light, 
there is no reasonable doubt. 

The movements of the bulbus in its socket are of 



16 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

the universal order knoAvii as ball-and-socket joint- 
Luminous impressions upon the retina continue for a. 
short time after cessation of light. If a bright point, 
like a smouldering or glowing match end, be waved 
around in a circle, the e^'e follows it throughout, but if 
the rapidity of its motion be increased it appears drawn 
out into a curved line, and with higher motion, very 
fast, it becomes a complete ring of light. Sparks from 
a knife-grinder's wheel become a stream of light. A 
circular saw with large teeth presents a smooth edge 
when revolving rapidly, and the spokes of a rapidly- 
turning wheel assume the appearance of a glimmer- 
ing disc. 

A brilliant light leaves a longer impression than a 
dim one. When an electric spark is seen, it has 
already come to an end, the interval elapsing before its 
perception by the observer being greater than its 
actual duration. The momentary closing of the eye- 
lids in winking is unnoticed, and why ? Because tlie 
visual impression of external objects continues unim- 
paired during the interval occupied by the movements 
of the lids. The eyes of the horse, remember, are set 
obliquely. Only in man, apes and some night-birds 
are the eyes so set as to permit visual lines directly 
ahead in parallels. 

The bulbus has its poles. An imaginary line from 
pole to pole is its axis. The equator is at right angles- 
to the axis, so we may have meridians. The visual 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 



17 



cixis corresponds to the macula lutea^ while the optic 
axis extends from pole to pole. 

We are not aware of an image being on the retina, 
nor of its position there, but only of the stimulus pro- 
duced on the perceptive nerve elements of the retina. 
So, understand, we do not see the image, but the object 
from which the rays emanate, and we refer the sensa- 
tions in their direction. For instance, if an image is 
formed on the upper and outer quadrant of the retina, 
we refer it doicmoard and imoard, from which direction 
the rays must have come. At this point a word on 
inverted images: — The great advantage of inverted 
images is, that for a given-size pupil a much larger 
picture can be formed on the retina than would be the 
€ase if no inversion took place, for in the latter 
case all images must necessarily ocQ,\\])y ?Lmuc/t smaller 
2)lace upon the retina than the size of tlie pupil. 

Color is analagous 
to pitch, violet corre- 
sponding to the high, 
and red to the low 
tones. Intensity of 
color, as of sound, 
depends upon the 
amplitude of the 
vibrations. When a body absorbs all the colors of the 
spectrum except blue, we call it a blue body. lied 
glass has the power of absorbing all the colors except 




Fig. 12. 



18 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

the red, which it transmits. If any body or thing 
reflects all colors, we have white. Should all the colors 
be absorbed, we have black. Light travels 186,000 miles 
per second (discovered by Roemer in 1676). Scientific- 
ally this is of great moment, but to us the rate is so 
great that, for all distances on earth, it is instantaneous. 
The globe would be girt by a sunbeam quicker than 
we could wink. Tlie theory of to-day as regards light 
is the undulatory theory. The earth is supposed to be 
bathed, embalmed, enveloped by a fluid termed Ether, 
which is very subtle. Suppose a luminous body sets 
in motion waves of this Ether which go in every direc- 
tion, moving, remember, at the rate of 186,000 miles per 
second. Well, these waves breaking upon the retina 
cause the molecular disturbance termed " sight." This 
wave motion is like that of sound, except that the 
vibrations are transverse — cross- wise. " The sunbeam 
comes to the earth as simply motions of Ether-waves, 
yet it is the grand source of beauty and power. Its 
heat, light and chemical force work everywhere the 
miracle of life and motion. In the growing plant, the 
burning coal, the flying bird, the glaring lightning, 
the blooming flower, the rushing engine, the roaring 
cataract, the pattering rain, we see only varied mani- 
festations of this one all-energizing force." * 
* Steele. 



CHAPTER I. 
ORBITAL CAVITY. 

Orbital cavity.— According to Chauveau, this cavity 
is irregularly circular in outline and circumscribed by 
the orbital process of the frontal bone, the lachrymal 




Fig. 13. 



and malar bones, and the summit of the zygomatic 
process. At the bottom, which shows the maxillary 
and orbital hiatus, it is confounded in the skeleton 
with the temporal fossa.* It lodges the globe of the 

* A fibrous membrane, the ocidar sheath, isolates it from the 
temporal fossa in the majority of manimiferous animals. Only in 

J. y 



20 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

eye and the muscles which move it. Some organs 
accessory to the visual apparatus, such as the 
lachrymal gland and the meinbrana nictatans, are also 
contained in this cavity. The temporal fossa sur- 
mounts the orbit and is incompletely separated from it 
by the orbital arch (or process). Oval in shape, lying 
obliquely from above to below, and from within out- 
wards, on the sides of the cranium, the temporal fossa 
is limited, within by the parietal ridge, and outwardly 
by the anterior border of the longitudinal root of 
the zygomatic process. It lodges the temporal 
muscle. 

The orbital cavity is situated at the side of the 
head at the point corresponding to the union of the 
cranium and the face. It is lined by a fibrous mem- 
brane, designated the ocular sheath (ocular membrane 
or periorbita), which is attached posteriorly to the bor- 
der of the orbital hiatus and anteriorly to the upper 
lip of the orbit, being prolonged beyond the external 
lip of this osseous rim to form the fibrous mem- 
brane of the eyelids. Strong externally, the ocular 
sheath is thin within the cavity, composed of elastic 
and inelastic fibers (unstriped muscular fibers have 
also been included in its composition), traversed by 
vessels and nerves. Thus completed, the orbital cavity 
has the form of a regular hollow cone, open at its base, 

man and the quadrumana has the orbital cavity complete bony 
walls. 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 21 

closed at the apex, which corresponds to the orbital 
hiatus. In the ordinary position of the head the open- 
ing of this cone is directed forward, downward and 
outward. The bones which go to make the orbital 
cavity are the frontal, sphenoid, superior maxillary, 
malar, palate, ethmoid and lachrymal. The optic for- 
amen, situated at the apex of the cone, transmits the 
optic nerve and ophthalmic artery. The superior orbi- 
tal fissure transmits tlie third, fourth and sixth nerves, 
ophthalmic branch of the trigeminus and the superior 
and interior ophthalmic veins. The inferior orbital 
fissure gives passage to the malar and infra-orbital 
nerves, and a facial branch of the ophthalmic vein. 
(See Fig 41.) The supra-orbital notch, at the upper 
and inner margin of the orbit, contains the supra- 
orbital nerves and artery as they pass to the forehead. 
In addition to the bulbus, muscles, vessels, etc., the 
orbit contains much adipose tissue. 

There is a limiting membrane between the globe and 
conjunctiva and the cellulo-fatty tissue, called Tenon's 
capsule. To some extent it ensheaths the muscles, 
nerves and vessels that pass through it, and is con- 
tinuous with the periosteum of the orbit, as well as 
with the conjunctiva. It is somewhat analogous to the 
pleura, and serves as a cup in which the globe revolves. 
It constitutes a secondary attachment for the ocular 
muscles. The dura mater is firmly attached at the 
sphenoidal fissure and optic foramen, and is continuous 



22 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

with the outer sheath of the optic nerve and with the 
periosteum of the orbit. 

Orbital cellulitis. — Diseases of the orhit may be either 
simple (Edematous cellulitis or phlegmonous cellulitis. 
In the oedematous form there will be bulging forward 
of the bulbus. Little pain on pressure occurs in the 
young and subsides in a few days. The phlegmonous 
form is much more severe ; swelling of the lids, 
especially the upper; pain, which may be intense and 
will tolerate no pressure on the globe ; eye is pro- 
truded directly forward. 

Exophthalmus. — In some severe cases have abso- 
lutely no motion; * will have chemosis of conjunctiva; 
symstoms almost always acute, and the crisis is 
reached in 8 to 14 days. Tissues on palpation will be 
found firm, tense and hard. All this may go on, the 
bulbus become involved and have inflammation of 
all parts of the ^'^Q^panophflialmitis. "\A''hen pus 
forms, as it may, fluctuation may be found behind the 
lids. Abscess may burst through conjunctiva or lids. 
May result from injuries, periostitis and inflammation 
of lachrymal gland. 

Treatment. — Antiphlogistics early. Should sup- 
puration occur, poultices and incision through conjunc- 
tiva between the lids. Exploration is good when in 
doubt, and better to use knife too early than too late. 
A large majority of these cases recover, and about the 

* Compare periostitis. 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 23 

only untoward results are abscess of brain and menin- 
gitis. Don't be fooled, when the whole thing may be 
a simple foreign body, the removal of which will dis- 
sipate the alarming symptoms. 

Periostitis of the Orbit is generally limited to the 
margin of the orbit, li may arise idiopathically in the 
rheumatic. Some swelling and redness of the lids and 
a slight exophthalmus, generall}'' to one side. Some- 
times slight elevation of temperature. Pus may form 
beneath the periosteum. In the chronic form there is 
simply slight swelling of the upper lid and supra-orbi- 
tal pain, and a little local swelling. This form is very 
tedious, running months, and ending in caries, deformi- 
ties, etc. 

Treatment. — As in cellulitis. If, however, it has 
gone on to necrosis, etc., the chisel and gouge come 
into play, and a thorough removal of and curetting is 
applied to the carious parts. 

Tumors of the Orbit. — Both benign and malignant. 
May develop primarily in the orbit or spread from the 
face. Cause more or less exophthalmus and its conse- 
quences. 

Treatment is excision. Sometimes it is necesary to 
remove bulbus also : {Eneudeation.) 



CHAPTER 11. 

EYELIDS. 

The eye is protected and covered by two mem- 
branous, movable curtains — the palpebrse — superior 
and inferior. They serve to protect the eye and to 
exclude excessive light. Another function is to secrete 
and distribute a moisture to the eye. Their movements 
are both voluntary and involuntary, the involuntary 
due to the orbicularis muscle. The levator palpebrse 
superioris opens the eyes by lifting the upper lid. The 
space between the free margins of the lids is the pal- 
pebral fissure. The angles of junction between the lids 
are the cantki, the external being the most acute. At 
the inner canthi are found two small elevations, one on 
each lid — the punctum lachrymcde — which are the be- 
ginnings of the canals, or canaUculi, leading to the tear 
sac. The eyelids are composed of four layers : (1) the in- 
tegument, (2) layer of muscular fibers, (3) the tarsus, and 
(-i) the conjunctiva. The muscular fibers consist of the 
orbicularis palpebrarum, a wide, thin sphincter common 
to both lids, having tendinous attachments at the angles 

of the lids, the tendons together with some muscle- 

24 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 



25 




Fig. 14. 
Saggital Section through the upper eyelid. 1, skin ; 2, palpebral portion 
of the musculus orbicularis oculi ; 2a, its inner portion, designated as 
the musculus ciliaris Riolini ; 3, cilia ; 4, gland of Moll, opening into a 
hair follicle ; .5, Meibomian gland ; 5 a, its orifice ; 6, indication of the 
ill-defined limit of the tarsus ; 7, loose connective tissue between tarsus 
and anterior insertion of the tendon of the musculus levator palpebrae 
superioris ; 8, anterior connective-tissue-like insertion of the tendon of 
the musculus levator palpebrae superioris ; 9, its middle layer, non- 
muscular, called the musculus palpebralis superior.— 77. Mullet: 



26 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

fibers being attached to the bony wall. There are 
certain bundles of the orbicularis fibers — involuntary 
— known as the ciliary muscle of Riolini. The orbicu- 
laris is adherent to the skin, but glides smoothly and 
loosely over the tarsus. The contraction of this muscle 
closes the palpebrse. 

The Levator PalpebrcB Superioris arises at the 
orbital apex, passing along the upper wall, becoming 
intermingled with the orbicularis in front of the tarsus. 
Some fibers go to the conjunctiva, wiiile some become 
attached to the upper edge of the tarsus. Supplied by 
the motor-oculi. Function to raise the lid. The lower 
lid is supplied by a prolongation from the inferior 
rectus. 

The Tarsi. — The framework of the lids, being united 
together and to the adjacent bone by the internal and 
external lateral ligaments, gives rigidity and stabil- 
ity to the eyelids. Composed of fibrous condensed 
tissue. 

The SJcin adheres intimately to the orbicularis 
muscle ; smooth and covered with numerous fine short 
hairs. In the foetus, at the orbital arch, where the 
skin everywhere else is without hair, we find a well 
marked eyebrow. Fat is never found beneath this 

skin. 

The Conjunctiva is a delicate mucous membrane, 
which commences at the free border of the lid where it 
is continuous with the skin. It lines the inner surface 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 



27 




They 

have been isolated from other 
tissues and remain joined at the 
external and internal angles by 
the lateral ligaments, external 
and internal : 1, Posterior surface 
of tarsus superior ; on its edge 
the openings of the Meibomian 
follicles ; 2, tarsus inferior ; 3 and 
4, punctum lachrymiale superior 
and inferior ; 5, external angle ; 
6, internal angle. 



of the lids and is reflected 
upon the globe, over which it 
passes and becomes con- 
tinuous with the cornea. 
The palpebral portion is 
thicker and more vascular „. _ 

Fig. 15. 

than the ocular, and is rpj^^ ^^^.^^ gg^^ f^,Q^ behind 
firmly attached to the tar- 
sus. Where it passes from 
the lids to the globe it is 
thin and very loose and 
forms the/ornix co)tJimctivr:e. 
Now, as its name indicates, 
it joins the bulbus and pal- 
pebrse together. It envelops, in addition to the above, 
the anterior portion of the haw {niemhrana nictatans) 
in a particular fold, and covers the caruncula lachry- 
malis and enters the puncta. At the margin of the 
cornea one may not trace it, although it is represented 
by a layer of pavement epithelium. At the surface of 
the caruncle it shows some very fine hair bulbs. (See 
conjunctiva.) 

Eyelashes (cilia.) — Two rows, at free borders of the 
lids. Act as a shield against foreign particles, dust, 
etc. Their follicles are surrounded by sebaceous glands 
and the glands of Moll (which are small tubular glands 
resembling ceruminous glands.) 

These various glands serve to lubricate the eye by 



28 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

their secretions, which emerge by minute orifices on 
the free border of the lids. The lashes are longer and 
stronger and more abundant in the upper lid. Though 
the lashes of the lower lid are few, they are reinforced 
by some long bristly hairs, which are just like the 
tentacular of the lips. 

The Meibomian Glands. — Analogous to sebaceous. 
They are lodged near the posterior surface of the tarsus, 
arranged like currants on a stem. They open by 
minute orifices upon the free border of the lids behind 
the cilia. Each gland consists of a central tube with 
a number of openings around its sides. The unctuous 
matter they secrete facilitates the retention of the tears 
over the conjunctivae. Supra-orbital, lachrymal and 
orbital branch of the superior dental arteries, forming 
thick network indirectly connected around the cornea 
with the ciliary system, through the episcleral, are the 
arteries. Lymphatics form a close network around the 
cornea. Xerves from the fifth pair enter at inner and 
outer angles of the eye, form a thick plexus and end 
free — some by club-shaped expansion. These nerve 
fibers are non-medullated. 

Membrana Nictatans. — " Third or winkinff eyelid." — • 
Jlaw. At the inner angle of the eye. Its composition 
is of a fibro-cartilaginous framework, elastic, irregularly 
shaped, prismatic at its base, which is thick, and thin 
anteriorly, where it is covered by the conjunctiva.. 
Behind is a strong cushion of adispose tissue, which is 



VETERlNAllY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 29 

insinuated hetireen all the muscles of the eye. The 
movements of the haw are mechanical, and no muscle 
directly causes them. When the eye is in repose but 
a small fold of conjunctiva is seen ; the rest is in its 
fibrous case. When the eye is Avithdrawn into the 
orbit by contraction of the recti muscles, the globe 
compresses the fatty cushion belonging to the carti- 
lage; this cushion, pressing outwards, pushes the 
membrana before it, and the latter then entii'ely con- 
ceals the front of the eye. This movement is instanta- 
neous, but it may be momentarily fixed by pressing 
gently on the eye when the animal retracts it Avithin 
the orbital cavity. The use of the membrana is, as will 
be seen from the above, to maintain the healthy con- 
dition of the eye by removing any matters that have 
escaped the eyelids; and what clearly demonstrates 
this function is the inverse relation that always exists 
between the development of this body and the facility 
with which animals can rubtlieir eyes with their ante- 
rior limbs ; so it is that, with the horse and the ox, whose 
thoracic member cannot be applied to this purpose, 
the membrana is very highly developed, and in the 
dog, which may use its paw to some extent when it 
requires to brush its eye, it is smaller ; in the cat it is 
still less, while in the monkey and in mankind, whose 
hands are perfect, it is rudimentary. In tetanus, the 
membrana nictatans often remains permanentl}^ over 
the eye in consequence of the continued contraction of 



so VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

the recti muscles.* The gh\ncl of Harder, situated on 
the outer face of the haw, is a reddish-yellow gland, 
covered by fibrous membrane and surrounded by fat. 
Secretes a thick unctuous matter, which gains exit on 
the inner face of the membrana by three or four open- 
ings. 

DISEASES OF THE LIDS. 

Acute Blepharitis. — Abscess of the lids. Is an acute 
phlegmonous inflammation of the lids; usual cause is 
of a traumatic nature. May accompany strangles or 
follow it ; adenitis simple. Will have great swell- 
ing with the cardinal symptoms; apt to have con- 
junctivitis accompany this. May have fluctuation 
early. This might go on to gangrene. If early enough, 
cold applications to abort. If later, and suspect forma- 
tion of pus, hot applications, and get the matter over 
with. Of course, as soon as fluctuation is felt, open 
freely and mahn the incision parallel with the lid bor- 
der. Evacuate freely, using antisepsis and ascepsis 
(and Boric acid solution is good and safe about the 
eye) for patient and instruments. Do not use Ilydrar 
for instruments, as you'll dull the edge quicker than it 
can be restored, and not more powerful than 1 to 5000 
about the eye, unless great care is taken to prevent its 
entrance into the conjunctival sac. May suture if 
you think necessary ; compress bandage to insure first 
intention. 

* F. Lecoq in Chauveau's Anatomy. 



VETEIUNARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 31 

Blepharitis Ciliaris {Ble2)haritis Marginalise Tinea 
Tarsi, (yphtliahnia Tarsi). — Earely met with in equine 
patients, but when it is, it is long-lasting and very rebel- 
lious. This may be merely a sliglit, scarcely perceptible 
redness of the lid margin, while again it may be very 
severe — ulcerations, or thickened everted edges, 
Caused by smoke, dust, cold winds, bright light and 
too much of it. Lids are apt to be agglntinated. Edge 
or margins scaly and scabby. Photophobia and lachry- 
mation. Hair follicles may be destroyed and the cilia 
fall out. The thickening and eversion of lids may 
cause ectropium. 

Always assure yourself it is not the result of Phthe- 
iriasis, for, if it is, it will be necessary to ei-adicate them 
before attempting a cure of the Blepharitis. Use Merc, 
tmg. Fungus growths in the hair follicles are also 
said to cause this disease. Remove the hairs by 
epilation, and go on to cure. Lachrymal catarrh, and 
particularly catarrh of the lachrymal sac, with stric- 
ture of the duct; the tears, unable to get through into 
the nose, flowing over the lids. Tears being retained, 
inflammation ensues. In such cases open the cana- 
liculus into the sac and give free passage for the tears, 
then go on and treat as a simple case. It is very neces- 
sary to observe cleanliness. Removal of scales and 
scabs — vnthont force. If can not get them away easily, 
poultice the eyes for fifteen or twenty minutes. Then 
proceed: Vaseline. Boric ac. and vaseline; gr. — xxx. 



32 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 



to one ounce ; — Oxide of zinc ointment. If it has gone 
on to ulceration, after removing the crusts gently, use 
hydrar. ox. flav. grs. two to vaseline one dram ; — or cit- 
ron ointment x or xx grs. to the dram, of vaseline. May 
cauterize tlie ulcers with a fine point of lunar caustic. 

Stye {Hordeolum). Acute inflammation of cellular 
tissue of the lids, wdth suppuration and pointing at the 




Fig 16 



edge of the lids. This usually is found around a hair 
follicle and first appears as a circumscribed swelling. 
Some cases go on and involve the entire lid, which be- 
comes swollen and oedematous. Much severe throhhing 
pain. Often multiply and may return in successive 
crops. Usually break in a week. Some are absorbed 
and do not break. Incise if pointed, and evacuate. 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 33 

Will just mention here a drooping of the lid, due either 
to partial or complete paralysis of the levator palpebrse 
superioris. Is called Ptosis. If you should desire to 
correct, remove an elliptical portion of the skin and 
muscular fibers, and suture. (See Figs. IG and 17). 
There is another condition which may be met with, 
called Blepharospasmus, and it is a spasmodic closure 
of the lids. May be due to a foreign body, ulcus corneae, 
iritis. Carious teeth. May be tonic ; or clonic, lasting 
but a few seconds at a time. Remove the cause of irri- 
tation, which is the only treatment. Another rarety, 
called nictitation, which is a constant blinking, may be 
due to some irritation in the eye, or of a reflex 
character, from worms, decayed teeth, etc. Remove 
cause. 

Blepharophimosis is a narrowing of the palpebral 
opening, usually the result of chronic trachoma, and can 
be relieved by canthotomy, performed by inserting 
blunt pointed scissors in outer canthus and snipping as 
far as desired. 

Trichiasis and Distichiasis. — The first is an irregu- 
larity in shape and disposition of the cilia. The second 
is a double row of cilia. 

Treatment : epihxtion. 

Entropium is an inversion of the eyelid, spasmodic 

and cicatricial. First usually in the lower lids ; comes 

from keratitis, foreign bodies, etc. Second is the result 

of granular and diphtheritic conjunctivitis, burns, etc., 

3 

I 



84 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 



where there has been loss of substance in the conjunc- 
tiva. In the spasmodic form may use adhesive plas- 
ter ; paint witli collodion and keep the lid in position. 




Fig. 18. 
Represents a vertical section of the upper eyelid. S, supra orbital margin : 
to, fascia tarso-orbitalis ; po, pars orbitalis ; pc, pars ciiiaris of orbicularis 
muscle ; t, tarsus ; c, eyelash ; f , lower border ; d, upper border of the 
■wound ; a b, passage of suture through aponeui'osis. — Noyes. 

In cicatricial, operative interference consists in re- 
moving a slight strip of skin parallel with the lid mar- 
g^iii and suturing, entering the suture on the conjunc- 
tival side of the lid and drawing the lips of the incision 
together. This will evert the lid. (See Fig. 18.) 

Ectropium. — E version of the eyelid may be 
slight or great. Two forms — cica^ncn/, due to con- 
traction after burns, abscesses, wounds, etc.; cooyimc- 
tlval, when due to chronic inflammation and swelling of 
the conjunctiva, which separates the lid margin from 



VETEKINAllY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 



35 




Fig. 19. 



the eye,soiiietiines aided 
by rehixation of the skin 
and spasm of the orbicu- 
hiris muscle. The best 
results are obtained by 
the removal of a V- 
shaped piece of skin, and 
dissecting it away. 
Bring the edges together 
so as to 2)^'^Ji' find sup- 
port the eyelid in its pro- 
l^er position, causing the 
sutures to assume a Y- 
Jike appearance. This 

is the Wharton Jones operation. (See Figs. 19 and 20.) 

When we find an eyelid 



fast to the eye-ball the 
condition is known as 
S>ymblepJmron. Is the re- 
sult of burns, severe in- 
flammations, such as con- 
junctivitis, or anything 
Avhich will cause the de- 
struction of the mucous 
membrane. This grow- 
ing together may be 
partial, or, we should say, of more or less extent. 
For instance, the entire lid may be adhered to the 




Fig. 20. 



3G 



VETEllIXAUY OrHTHALMOLOGY. 



globe, and again it may be only a thread-like attach- 
ment. The treatment is to separate and keep apart un- 
til the parts are healed over. This may necessitate 
transplantation from other portions of the globe, or 
borrow from a rabbit's eye. An adhesion, growing 
together, of the lid margins, is Anchylohlepharon, com- 
plete or partial. 

TiiEATMENT is division. (See. Fig. 21.) 
Chalazion is obstruction of some of the follicles 

of the tarsus with re- 
tention of its secretion. 
The diagnostic point is 
that the skin is freehj 
movable over it. Vary 
in size, and are apt to 
come in crops. Fluctua- 
tion is never felt. Ex- 
cision is the treatment. 
Make the primary incision on the skin surface^9ara//6^ 
to the lid border. May open on the inside if it points 
that way. This has a sac wall, remember, which must 
be either removed or thorougJthj scraped, curetted, 
spooned out. Cocaine will be the only ansesthetic 
needed, dropping some of a 4 per cent, solution into 
the conjunctival sac and hypodermically injecting some 
alongside the tumor, which will render the operation 
almost painless. May lightly touch with lunar caustic 
to insure healing. All operations upon the lids are 




Fig. 21. 



VETERTNAEV OPHTHALMOLOGY, 



37 



productive of free hemorrhages, which may be very 

successfully controlled by using a clamp such as this. 

Contusions should be treated as contusions elsewhere. 




Fig. 22. 



Immediately after a contusion, cold compresses, firm 
bandaging, cooling and soothing lotions, etc. 

Burns and Scalds. — The great care is prevention 
of adhesions. If lime is the burning cause, antidote 
it immediately with acids, vinegar, etc., or protect with 
oil, freely used. Do not wash out the conjunctival 
sac unless you have plenty of AA^ater. A small amount 
would but aggravate the condition by slaking the lime. 

Wounds. — Treat as elsewhere; cleanliness, antisepsis. 
Carefully inquire into the condition of the parts sever- 
ally and as a whole. Careful coaptation of the wound's 
lips, intelligent suturing, and watch out for adhesions 
always. 



CHAPTER III. 

THE LACHRYMAL GLAND. 

Lachrymal Gland. — Situated between the orbital 
process and upper part of tlie eyeball and close to its 
interior margin, convex superiorly, concave' inferiorly. 
Is an acinous gland, formed of small granulations, 




Fig. 23. 



whose junction forms ducts called hygrophthalmic 
canals. These run to the upper and outer portion of 



38 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 39 

the superior fornix of tlie conjunctiva. Secretion is 
alkaline, moistens anterior surface of the eye, passing 
off by means of the puncta, canaliculi, lachrymal sac 
and nasal duct to the nose. The puncta are two 
openings of the canaliculi, at the inner canuhus, a short 
distance from the commissure. Function, to collect the 
tears. The canaliculi extend from the puncta to the 
lachrymal sac, and these canaliculi join before reach- 
ing the lachrymal sac. The lachrymal sac is the 
upper dilated portion of the nasal duct, which is situ- 
ated in a groove or osseous canal in the lachrymal bone. 
Terminates between the two turbinated bones. The 
balance of the canal is under the nasal mucous mem- 
brane, passes to inner surface of outer wing of the 
nostril, terminating by an orifice (sometimes two) 
toward the lower commissure, where the line of de- 
marcation between the skin and rosy mucous mem- 
brane presents. 

The tears are forced into the excretory passage by 
muscular action and some kind of suction caused 
by the nmscular libers of the puncta and canali- 
culi. 

Dacryoadenitis.— Very rare indeed. Symptoms of 
the acute form are great swelling and redness of the 
upper lid at its outer angle. The gland will be pushed 
out of its fossa downwards, by the inflammation and 
swelling, and may be recognized on everting the lid. 
The swelling may be so great as to displace the globe 



40 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

down and inward. Suffering is pronounced. May 
have an accompanying conjunctivitis, cliemosis, etc. 
Sometimes confounded witli periostitis. May have 
suppuration. Generally of traumatic origin. 

Treatment — If early, ice may abort. So soon, how- 
ever, as there is suppuration, aid the formation with 
heat. Free incisions through the conjunctiva. 

Dislocation of the gland has been seen and hyper' 
trophy of tlie gland is exceedingly rare. This struc- 
ture may be the seat of new growths, as glandular 
structures, in other parts of the bod}^ and should be 
treated as elsewhere, i. e., extirpation of entire gland. 



CHAPTER IV. 

EXCRETORY APPARATUS. 

Excretory Apparatus (Diseases of). — As a result of in- 
flammations ; of the conjunctiva and lids ; wounds of 
the lid ; narrowing and stoppage of the canaliculus ; 
may have watering of the eye {Epiphorci). If oh- 
struction of the canaliculus, slitting the canal with a 
knife modeled by and bearing the name of Agnew is 
the treatment. This is a narrow-bladed, probe-pointed 



1 mm ...^ ""^f ri - G.TIEMAMM=CO. ^_j 

Agnew's Canaliculus Knife 

Fig. 24. 

knife. Enter the puncta with its probe point, verti- 
cally. Remember the anatomical disposition of the 
canaliculus in the angle of the lid and yb//oK' it. The 
idea is to open the already existing, but obstructed 
passage, and not to establish a new one. When entered 
vertically, — and that takes patience, but the sphincter 
will yield to persevering pressure — depress the handle 
of the knife until it is horizontal. Push irnxmrd until 
you reach the inner wall, keeping the lid on the 

41 



42 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

stretch. Bring the knife straight up and down and 
cut tlie whole length of the canaliculus. This is diffi- 
cult of accomplishment in the horse, owing to the length 
of the canal ; but a knife with a malleable shank will 
facilitate matters much. liemember and divide the 
canaliculus close to the juncture of skin and mucous 
membrane, so that its fimction of collecting the tears 
may be as little interfered with as possible, close 
coaptation to the conjunctiva being one of the factors 
of that important function. 

Stricture of the Lachrymal Duct. — Most common of 
all the lachrymal affections. Its one symptom is a 
flowing of tears — Epiphora. May be result of catarrh, 
trauma, carious teeth, pressure from tumors^ and peri- 
ostitis. 

Dacryocystitis Catarrhalis. — Seldom recognized be- 
fore the chronic stage. Practically no difference be- 
tween this and catarrh. Will find a swelling at the in- 
ner angle of the eye, caused by a retention of secretion 
from the catarrhal inflammation, and swelling, lessening 
the caliber of the excretory ducts. Firm pressure on 
this swelling will cause mucous to flow from either 
the canaliculus or down the duct, into the nasal cavity. 
The swelling is generally painless. Keeping the sac 
empty affords some relief. Have generally a coexist- 
ing blepharitis marginalis. The secretion after a time 
becomes irritating, and this is especially the case when 
it is permitted to remain quiet some time in the sac. 



VETERINARY ORHTHALMOLOGY. 43 

Then it sets up conjunctivitis. It becomes infectious, 
and if it gain entrance to a wound of tlie cornea is apt 
to cause suppuration. In diagnosing, the question of 
tears decides. For instance, the tumor will be lessened 
by pressure and the contents come upwards through 
the puncta or descend to the nose. This might be the 
result with a very tight stricture, but of less degree, 
or the sac- walls may be very thick, but remem- 
ber the tears — Epiphora — and tJtat is decisive. These 
conditions are rebellious — may continue for months. 
The cure of the underlying catarrh is imperative. Any 
cause must be removed. Strictures nuist be dilated. 
May have to precede dilation by slitting the canalic- 
ulus, but don't slit the puncta if can avoid. Take, 
by preference, a pair of fine iridectomy forceps, and, 
gently insinuating the closed points into the puncta, 
dilate the sphincter until it relaxes, and will then be 
able to introduce a small probe (Bowman's). Then 




Bowman's Set of Probes, Nos. 1. 2, 3. 1, 5, 6. 7. 8. 

Fig. 25. 

introduce a Stilling's knife and slit the stricture, using 



C 



JICMANN:CO 

Fig. 30. 



44 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

same method as in probing. This knife being tri- 
anguhar, after introduction it is simply necessary to 
turn it in different directions and force it down two 
or tliree times. Blood issuing from the nose is proof 
of an open passage. In some instances it is impossible 
to gain entrance into the canaliculi without nicking 
the puncta, but remember that you are apt to destroy 
the normal function of the parts, impairing its suction 
powers. Electrolysis has produced good results — in- 
troducing a probe until reaching the stricture and at- 
taching the negative pole ; apply the positive to the tem- 
ple and make gentle pi-essure as the stricture yields. 
Repeat this until permanent results are achieved. 

Lotions on the lids, astringents to the conjunctiva, 
are good. Arg. nit. gr. v to 3 i. Watch and treat the 
nasal catarrh. Dobell's sol. is nice and successful. 

5,. Sod. bibor., 3 iv. 

Glyc, 31. 

Sod, bicarb., 

Ac. carb., aa 3 ss. 

Aq., 3vi. 

If this condition continues, becomes phlegmonous, it 
is called Dacryocystitis Phlegmonosa, and is a higher 
stage of the preceding. Have much swelling and ex- 
treme sensibility. Usually much infiltration of the sur- 
rounding parts. Constitutional symptoms very often.. 
Conjunctiva may be inflamed and even chemosed. 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 45 

Must ditferentiate between this and abscess of the 
celkilar tissue. la abscess, pressure will not reduce 
it, while in cltcryoci/stltis phle(jmo)iosa the contents 
will be forced through the puncta or down into the nose. 
And remember the previous history of long lachryma- 
tion. 

Tkeatsient is incision into the sac, and in ad- 
vanced cases (which are the only ones you will meet) 
this is the only treatment. Thrust the knife per- 
pendicularly down to the bone and carry the incision 
down as far as necessary. Keep the incision open 
viLh lint. If it has opened spontaneously, poultice 
for twenty-four hours, but not too long; mayl)e forty- 
eight hours of hot poulticing, but no longer. After 
this opening has closed it will be necessary to open the 
nasal duct and establish a passage for tears. Don't 
l^robe until subsidence of inflammation. 

Lachrymal Fistula. — Result of an illy-healed abscess^ 
and indicates the existence of a permanent stricture. 
Rarely seen. If possible, the re-establishment of the 
proper channel for the passage of tears should be the 
primary care. Then the fistula can be easily healed, 
treating as you Avould a sluggish fistula anywhere, 
stimulating its edges with lunar caustic, etc. 



CHAPTER V. 



MUSCLES OF THE EYE. 



Muscles of the Eye. — Seven — posterior, superior, in- 
ferior, external and internal recti, and superior and in- 
ferior oblique. 

Posterior Rectus Rectractor Oculi, as its name implies, 
pulls the bulbus backward. Is a muscular sheath. 




with fibers disposed longitudinally ; arises from around 

the optic foramen and inserted into tlie posterior part 

of the external face of the sclerotic. May be dissected 

into four bundles. Superior^ Inferior, External, and In- 

46 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY, 



47 



ter7ial recti. These are placed upon the posterior recti. 
Each is a flat band with parallel fibers. Origin at the 



B.int 




"ft. sup 



Fig. as. 

Scheme of the action of the ocular muscles. — Landois. 

back of the ocular sheath and inserted into the sclero- 
tic, by an aponeurosis. These muscles are separated 



48 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

from one another and the posterior by the fat belong- 
ing to the membrana nictatans. They act according 
to position, and, as I have demonstrated upon tlie board, 
according to concerted action. 

Superior Oblique, or Great Oblique. — Tliis arises 
from tlie back of the orbit and passes forward against 
the inner wall to pass through a strong fibro-cartilag- ' 
inous pulley, which is attached to the frontal bone at 
the base of the orbital process ; then, bending out- 
ward, passes beneath the superior rectus near its at- 
tachment and inserts itself into the sclerotic between 
the superior and external rectus. Consequently this 
muscle pivots the eye inward and upward, carryhig 
the outer aspect of the globe upwards and its lower 
part outwards. . 

Inferior or Sma,ll Oblique Muscle. — Thicker and 
shorter than the superior ; is nearly parallel to the 
reflected portion of the superior. Arises in the lachry- 
mal fossa, passes outward and is inserted in the 
sclerotic between the external and inferior I'ecti. In 
action it antagonizes the great oblique. The move- 
ments of the Inilbus correspond to a ball and socket 
joint. The center of rotation is a short distance be- 
hind the center of the eye. 

The oculo-motO'r nerve, or third pair, supplies all the 
muscles of the eye except the external rectus and supe- 
rior oblique, which are supplied by the sixth and fourth 
pair respectively. These muscles are susceptible to 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 49 

2Kirahjsis, individually and collectively. When indivi- 
dual muscles are affected we find restricted motion — 
converse to the action of the muscle when physiolo- 
gically exerted. If complete paralysis of the third pair 
occurs, then have ptosis, some exophthalmus, ditto 
dilatation of the pupil and accommodation paralyzed. 
Movements restricted in all directions, except directly 
outward. 

Strabisimus or Squint. — Many varieties. Usually 
mono-lateral, which is a faulty position of one eye. May 
be alternating — the ability to fix with either eye. 
Also have intermittent or constant. 

Treatment is operative ; divide the tendon of the 

contracting muscle. 
4 



CHAPTER VI. 

THE CONJUNCTIVA. 

Conjunctiva. — A delicate, fine mucous membrane; 
lines the inner surface of the lids. From the lids it is 
reflected upon the bnlbus and extends to the cornea, 
covering the sclerotic. It is continuous with the 
cornea. Consists of three layers — external being 
epithelial, the intermediate being the proper tissue and 
the subconjunctival tissue. The palj)ebral conjunc- 
tiva especially contains numerous lymphatics and 
glandular structures. The conjunctiva in its reflec- 
tion from lid to bulbus forms the cul-de-sac or fornix. 
Highly supplied with nerves from the fifth pair (tri- 
geminus). Also well furnished with blood, and especi- 
ally so around the limbus. The conjunctiva has the 
important function of lubrication. The membrane is 
divided into three distinct portions: Tarsal, which is 
smooth, and fits the tarsi (the Meibomian follicles may 
be seen through it) the fornix, sinus and cul-de-sac 
being the reverse, loosely attached and easily mov- 
able, and is dark in color, while the tarsal is of a light 
yellow; and third, the ocular portion which lies loosely, 

but smoothly, upon the Q;lobe, and this fact aids in 

50 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 51 

diagnosing between conjunctivitis and inflammations 
of a deeper nature. 

Conjunctivitis Catarrhalis. — Purulent (which may 
be idiopathic or gonorrheal, DiplitlieretU:^ Granuku\ 
Phlyctenular^ tliese are some of the forms of inflam- 
mation of tlie conjunctiva, one of wliich may run into 
another. Tlie discliarge from one kind may reproduce 
itself or one of another form. They are contagious 
and infectious. May occur epidemically. Pink-eye is 
but an epidemic catarrhal conjunctivitis. A differential 
diagnosis is often impossible early. 

Catarrhal Conjunctivitis. — Catarrhal ophthalmia is 
the mildest form. Caused by injuries, exposure, bad 
hygiene, exanthematous diseases, etc. Again, it may be 
secondary to other inflammations. Among the symp- 
toms we find smarting preceded by itching, lachryma- 
tion, sensation of sand or of some other foreign body 
in the eye. Have increased vascularity, causing partial 
or uniform redness of the ocular conjunctiva and impart- 
ing to the palpebral conjunctiva a velvety, roughened ap- 
pearance. G^dematous swelling of the conjunctiva and 
subjacent tissue, which may go on to chemosis, causing 
the cornea to look sunken. Redness, swelling and stiff- 
ness of the lids. IVIucus or muco-purulent discharge, 
with tendency toward agglutination of the lids, espe- 
cially succeeding sleep. Both eyes usually participate, 
although one eye may go free. This form is amenable 
to treatment and not very apt to invade the cornea. 



62 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY, 

Xow, when the front of the eyeball is red, it is impor- 
tant to know whether the congestion is superficial or 
dee]). If superficial, the redness will be conjunctival 
and will appear as a coarse network of blood vessels 
running over the sclerotic very irregularly and in no 
order at all, or by a more uniform redness which 
nearly conceals all the white of the globe. If the con- 
gestion and swelling are not very great, the edge of 
the lower lid rubbed against the globe by the finger 
may be seen to move the vessels over the sclerotic and 
to press the blood out of them. The inner surface of 
the lids will be congested also, and there will be a 
mucous or muco-purulent discharge, with probably not 
very much photophobia. In deep, or ciliary conges- 
tion, there is a rosy zone of straight, fine vessels, as I 
here draw upon the blackboard, and, as you see, resem- 
bling the rays of a brilliant sun. Very regular, straight 
as an engraver's lines, totally different from conjuncti- 
val injection, which is highly irregular and of a grape- 
vine order. These straight fine lines radiate /ro?>?. the 
corneal margin. They are immovable under press- 
ure through the lower lid, while the conjunctival, re- 
member, are movable., and the blood may be pressed 
out of them. On close inspection the rosy zone is seen 
to lie beneath the conjunctiva, in the sclerotic. When 
we find this form of congestion, although it may be 
very slight, there will be, usually, pain, photophobia 
and 2)rofuse lachrymation, and the tears will be hot. 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 53 

This picture indicates ciliary irritation and. an affection 
of tlie cornea or of some of tlie deeper structures. Of 
course tlie two kinds of congestion are often found com- 
bined. Whentlie exit of venous blood from the interior 
of the eye is impeded, large dark, tortuous veins will 
appear running over the sclerotic, which they penetrate 
near the edge of the cornea. It is important to learn, 
in the presence of inflammation, as to the existence of 
pain, tenderness in the ciliary region, which is the name 
given that region immediately surrounding the cornea. 
To this end, make gentle pressure over the closed lids 
about this region using the index finger of each hand 
and palpating, as if for suspected abscess, for instance. 
Examinations are somewhat difficult owing to the 
photophobia. Will be facilitated by a drop or so of 
cocaine 4%-. Use oblique illumination, as I have de- 
monstrated in the clinic. Notice the mobility of the 
pupil and intra-ocular tension. 

Teeatmext: extreme cleanliness, hygienic precau- 
tions, attention to general health. Topically, some 
mild astringent lotion every few hours. A caustic ap- 
plied at the outset may abort. Cold applications in the 
early stages are very good ; catarrhal conjunctivitis is, 
however, a self-limited a'ffair, which often requires very 
little local treatment, and which, with good hygiene, ter- 
minates in complete recovery. However, do not be too 
sanguine, but temporize, as it may extend a week or so 
longer than you expect, and so, give no definite progno- 
sis as to time. 



64 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

B Sulph. Zinc. gvs. ij to the oz. of distilled water; 

IjL Boric, ac, 4 % 
Sig. Gtt. j t. i. d., or oftener;or, 

B Ac. Boric, gr. xij- 
Aq. Cam ph. 
Ag. destill. ^ 3 ij. 

M. Sig. Gtt. i. t. i. d. or oftener. 

Purulent Conjuncti-vitis, Blennorrhoea, Contagious 
Ophthalmia.— This is like the catarrhal, but with in- 
tensification of all the symptoms. Due to the same 
causes. It often appears as an epidemic, where num- 
bers are crowded together with poor hygiene. Is 
met with in the Asiatic countries especially. The dis- 
charges are thick, purulent and I'ery contagious. Very 
great danger of invasion of the cornea, which results 
in ulceration, sloughing and probable loss of the eye, 
within a short time. 

Treatmext. — Mild cases should receive same 
treatment as the catarrhal form. Severe cases re- 
quire isolation, darkness and quiet ; and, first, last 
and all the time, watch the pus, which must not be 
allowed to accumulate. Sometimes cleansing is 
needed every few minutes. Application of cold, 
bleeding, scarification of the conjunctiva, if the swell- 
ing be pronounced and chemosis be present, and, if the 
lids press greatly upon the globe, canthotomy. When 
the discharge appears, astringent lotions every few 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 54 

hours and some caustic application, such as hinar 
caustic, to inner surface of lids, twice daily, or possi- 
bly once will suflBce ; cold compresses, continuous or 
changed for w^arm ones if you like. Atropine if the 
cornea becomes involved. If one eye only be affected, 
the other must be guarded. May be sealed hermetically. 
When a case is seen at the very outset, thorough 
cleansing and a caustic application to tlie lids (pal- 
pebral conjunctiva) seems to abort. 

Goncrrhoeal Canjunctivitis. — Gonorrhoea! ophthalmia. 
This does not differ, except in manner of origin, from 
any other purulent conjunctivitis, and of course in the 
equine race the groom must be looked to for an ex- 
planation. It is an extremely violent purulent inflam- 
mation, caused by inoculation from the urethral dis- 
charge. It may destroy the eye in a few hours. Still 
another form of inflammation, in the newly-born, 
called 

Ophthalmia Neonatorum. — This form is a catar- 
rhal or purulent conjunctivitis, usually appearing 
shortly after birth and caused by contact with the 
vaginal discharges of the mother. jVlay also occur 
from other causes, such as exposure and filth, and not 
appear until several weeks after birth. Assumes all 
grades of severity. 

Tkeatmext. — Same as in similar conditions in the 
adult, and should be regulated by the severity of the 
attack. It is believed by many that caustics are 



66 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

needless in the very young. Even claim they are 
injurious, and that a mild astringent application is 
all that is necessary. In practice among physicians 
the method of Crede is largely employed, which con- 
sists in dropping into the eye of a newly-born one drop 
of a 2% solution of Arg. nit. ; and it seems to me if 
there is any apprehension the same could be done by 
the veterinarian, 

Diphtheretic Conjunctivitis is peculiar in that it may 
result from the same cause as the other forms. This 
begins with great heat, redness, swelling and tenderness 
of the lids, with rigidity from fibiinous infiltration. 
Have firm swelling of conjunctiva from the same 
cause, and a pale, smooth, glistening appearance of its 
surface. Sometimes have a grayish exudation mem- 
brane on the conjunctiva, u-'Jdch may he stripped off. 
Discharge of flakes of lymph. Advanced stage is 
marked by softening of the parts and from the disap- 
pearance of fibrinous matter and by discharge of pus. 
Great tendency to shrinking and formation of cica- 
trices of conjunctiva in healing. The cornea is apt to 
suffer, and constitutional disturbance is often marked. 
This form is very destructive, and, fortunately, is rare 
in this country and England. 

Treatment not very effectual. In the first stage ice 
compresses, local bleeding, etc.; astringents and caustics 
in the purulent stage. Atropine should be used 
throufrhout. 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 57 

Take a case, for example : Diagnosis has been satis- 
factorily made. The eye is cleansed thoroiKjhhj. If 
much pain and restlessness present, instill a drop of 
cocaine \% three times, at five-minute intervals. If 
the case has been brought you while young (^. e., the 
case, not the patient), evert the lid and paint the 
palpebral conjunctiva with a strength suitable to 
the severity of the presenting symptoms, of nitrate 
of silver solution, even using the stick form in 
aggravated cases, neutraUzing it vuth a saturated solu- 
tion of Sod. Chloride, before tJte lid returns to its 
normal position. Then commence cold applications, 
which may be in the form of cracked ice, or pieces of 
clean cloth which have been laid on ice. Atropine, one 
to one hundred and twenty (1-120) p. r. n., /. e., from 
every thirty minutes to once daily. Also, employ any 
of the collyria mentioned through the lectures you 
may see indications for. As a result of one of the pre- 
viously described inflammations, we may have :— 

Granular Lids ( Granular coujuncticitis, Granular 
ophthalmia. Trachoma). — Generally the result of one of 
the previously described inflammations, and is especi- 
ally a chronic condition, although sometimes associated 
with acute symptoms. The palpebral conjunctiva pre- 
sents almost exclusively the granulations, of which we 
have chiefly two kinds, to wit., enlarged conjunctival 
papillcC and the frog-spawn granulations. These 
latter are grayish bodies resembling sago grains, and 



68 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

are composed of lymphoid cells and connective tissue. 
Both varieties may be seen separately, but more often 
combined. 

Symptoms are those of an annoying conjunctivitis, 
and may be more or less severe. If the process is 
not checked the cornea becomes ulcerated and vas- 
cular from the constant irritation from friction of 
the roughened lids upon it. The conjunctiva and 
tissue of the lids may become atrophied and cica- 
trical, leading to entropion, symblepharon, xerophthal- 
mia, etc. This disease is more often found in the 
poorly nourished, bad hygiene, etc. Huns an exceed- 
ingly tedious course. 

Treatment. — Locally, astringents and caustics, sul- 
phate of copper crystal being the favorite one, nitrate 
of silver, alum, and many more. Applications may 
lose effect through toleration, and change becomes 
necessary, and regular treatment for a long period will 
be necessary to establish cure. Before beginning any 
astringent treatment of a trachoma, it may be necessary 
to use hot water, atropine, cocaine, until the great irri- 
tation, photophobia, etc., subside. Then may begin with 
a mild astringent, alum, spray of tannin and glycerine, 
XX. grs. to the oz. or the like. In very obstinate 
cases, after a fair trial with other remedies, jequirity 
bean {abrus precatoriifs), used as follows, as prepared by 
De Wecker of Paris. The bean is to be powdered and 
mascerated for three hours, in water, at ordinary 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY, 



59 



temperature, and of a 3"o concentration. The recent 
infusion is best, as it loses power with age. With a 
camel's-hair pencil, it is applied to the lids, two or three 
times. Reaction should be present within twenty-four 
hours. If not, repeat application. This is painful in 




Fig. 30. 

action, and ice- water bags, etc., should be employed. 
The inflammation will last for at least two Aveeks. 
Keep patient in dark stall, and quiet. As soon as the 
inflammatory membrane has appeared, use the cold ap- 
plication until reaction has abated. Treat the case as 



60 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

one of acute trachoma, when sulphate of copper crys- 
tal may be used until the cure is complete. When the 
granulations are large and numerous, they may be 
torn out and destroyed by forceps, and as this is a very 
delicate operation great care is to be exercised. The 
lid being everted, the granules are stripped off. As 
may be readily appreciated, the reaction is superb, and 
is to be carefully treated with ice, antiseptics, etc. 
To do this, an anaesthetic should be used. Now, in 
simple chronic blennorrhoea, or chronic conjunctivitis, 
do not use the above infusion. The results are apt 
to prove disastrous. 

Phlyctenular Conjunctivitis. (Pimple, Gr.) — This 
form is characterized by a small yellowish-red eleva- 
tion, or phlyctenule, on the summit of which a serous 
vesicle forms, which vesicle bursts, and leaves a small 
ulcer. One or several of these bodies may be pres- 
ent, and are generally situated near the margin of the 
cornea. Duration about ten days ; but there always 
is great tendency to relapse. The injection of the con- 
junctiva may be rjeneralov partial. A triangular leash 
of vessels runs up to each phlyctenule, with its base 
pointing toward the retrotarsal fold. The appearance 
of the phlyctenule is attended by pain, which is burn- 
ing; photophobia and lachrymation. Often associated 
with phlyctenular keratitis. 

Treatment. — Particular attention is to be paid to the 
general condition. Atropine 1 to 120. In some cases, 



VETEKIXARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 61 

application of a mild irritant, such as calomel or ox 
mercury, ung., etc. 

Now for a word on dici'jnosls of a dlfWentkd 
charactei-. In catarrhal conjunctivitis, the injection 
is general over the conjunctiva, and on pressure, 
through the lower lid, the injected vessels are seen to 
move over the sclerotic with the membrane, (/. e.^ 
the conjunctiva). There is always redness of the 
fornix conjunctiva, and usually of the palpebral ditto. 
There is a muco-purulent discharge, more or less 
profuse, dependent on degree. The iris is clear and 
bi-ight, the pupil reacting readily to light, and tJie 
cornea is clear and transparent. In Iritis, the injec- 
tion is deep-seated, surrounding the cornea as a rosy 
zone. This is not accompanied by redness of the 
fornix, or palpebral conjunctiva. The injected ves- 
sels are beneath the conjunctiva, and do not move 
with it. The iris is discolored, the pupil sluggish 
and inactive, and vision is impaired. There is usually 
very severe pain in the eye and lieatl, generally worse 
at night. In Traclioma, the upper lid, and particu- 
larly the free border of the tarsus, is affected ; 
the granule is oval, grayish-red, and opaque. It is 
imbedded in the membrane, and is less prominent than 
the follicles. They may be found on the ocular con- 
junctiva, and eve)i the cornea. In the granular variety, 
the affection usually takes on the mixed form, present- 
ing follicular and papillary hypertrophy in addition to 



62 



VETERINAKY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 



the new growth. There is also general lymphoid infil- 
tration of the conjunctiva and of the deeper tissues of 
the lid, including the tarsus, also great proliferation 
of epithelia and formation of new vessels. In lutpil- 
larii trachoma, the location is predominately over the 
surface of the tarsus, instead of its borders. The 
enlarged papillae are bright-red, or sometimes red 
with a bluish cast. Follicular Conjunctivitis espe- 
cially affects the lower lid, and particularly the cul- 
de-sac. The follicle is round, or elongated, pale and 
semi-transparent. Is more prominent and sharply 
raised above the surface of the conjunctiva, and can 
be removed or separated from it. Its general arrange- 
ment is in rows parallel to the free margin of the lids. 
Pteryginin (a little wing, Gr.). — Quite a common 

affection, result of in- 
flammation and from 
constant e x p o s u r e. 
Consists of hypertro- 
phy of conjunctiva, 
and sub-conjunctival 
tissue. In fprm it is 
a triangular vascular 
prominence, general- 
ly at the nasal side of 
the eye, willi the base toward the inner canthus audits 
rounded apex at the edge of the cornea, or encroiiching 
more or less vjyon the cornea. We notice two forms, 




Fig. 31 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 63 

-or one form of different degree — /. e., a thin {temie)y 
and a thick {cnissum). IJequires no treatment unless 
it extends upon the cornea so as to obstruct vision. 
May tlien be removed by (1) excision, which is dis- 
secting the growtli off of the cornea and sclerotic, to a 
point near the canthus, and uniting the conjunctival 
wound by sutures ; (2) transplantation, which is i^er- 
formed by dissecting it off up to the base and then insert- 
ing it into an incision made in the conjunctiva, parallel to 
the lower edge of the cornea and retaining it there by 
sutures; or (3) ligature thread passed around the 
growth at two or more point's, so as to cause stran- 
gulation. 

As the result of severe chronic conjunctivitis we 
meet with Xerophthalmia. Dryness of the eye. This 
is an atrophied condition, and of cicatrical change 
in the cornea, conjunctiva and sub-conjunctival tissues. 
The surface is of a dirty greenish or grayish color, or 
tendinous appearance. Also is dry, scah^, and stiff" 
from destruction of secretory apparatus. Obliteration 
of the palpebral folds, and more or less adhesion of 
lid to globe. 

Treatment is inefficient. The dryness may be alle- 
viated by bland applications, such as milk, glycerine, 
Taseline, etc. 

Tumors of the Conjunctiva. — Pinguecula; a small 
yellowish tumor, fatty in appearance, situated near 
the corneal margin, and chiefly seen in the aged ; con- 



64 VETEKINAEY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

sists of hypertropliied conjunctiva and epithelium ; 
they are harmless and need no treatment. Dermoid 
tumors, smooth and yellowish, covered with con- 
junctiva and perhaps with short hairs ; composed of 
connective tissue and fat ; generally congenital. Ex- 
cise them. Warts, similar to those on prepuce, may 
occur on any part of the conjunctiva ; snip off with. 
scissors. 

Cancer should be treated as elsewhere. 



CHAPTER VII. 
THE CORNEA. 

Cornea is elliptical in shape, is perfectly trans- 
parent, which is due to the arrangement as well as the 
transparency of its individual parts. It closes the 
anterior opening of the sclerotic and forms one-fifth of 
the external envelope which it completes. It fits into 
the sclerotic like the crystal of a watch into its case, 
the cornea being beveled on its outer edge. The 
cornea is composed of five layers: (1) The anterior einthe- 
Uul layer is, as its name indicates, composed of epithelia 
disposed in layers and continuous with that of the 
conjunctiva. (2) Hoicmaii's membrane. A very elastic 
tissue which possesses a tendency to curl up. Neither 
acids or boiling renders this layer opaque as it does 
the other layers. This layer lias no lacunre nor lymph 
canals, but contains fibrillje and faciculi. Has no 
fixed cells or movable corpuscles. Is intimately ad- 
herent to the parenchyma. Cannot be separated as a 
distinct layer. (3) The 2yorencJnjnia is composed of fine 
fibrillffi united into fasciculi, bound together by a 
cement matter. Has a system of canals which are a 

continuation of lymphatic spaces. These lymphatic 
5 65 



66 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 



canals contain cells. The fasciculi are in layers, one 
above the other. The canals in the cornea are 
hollowed out of the tissue formed by the cement and 
fasciculi, and may be resolved into shallow sj^aces, very- 
numerous and communicating with each other by 
canaliculi, which vary in size and form a net-work 
throughout the parenchyma, penetrating between the 
fibers and ramifying from layer to layer. Their func- 
tion is to convey the nourishing lymph. Three varieties 




ris. 32. 



of cells may be found in these canaliculi, fixed, wander- 
ing and pigment. The fixed lie in the lacunae, and 
send prolongations out into the canals. The wander- 
ing are brighter, larger, and, as the name implies, have 
power of motion. The pigment is found only at the 
periphery of the cornea. On the inner side of the tissue 
proper of the cornea is a lining membrane called (4) 
DescemeC s. It is firm, elastic, glossy in appearance and 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 67 

highly refractive. Then the (5) endotheJlal layer, com- 
posed of a single layer of cells. This layer is reflected 
on the anterior surface of tlie Iiis. In or on the cornea 
are no blood vessels. The anterior ciliaiy arteiies 
furnish branches, which approach the linibus, forming 
loops. Elood vessels on the cornea are indicative of 
either a pathological condition or an attempt of 
nature to repair. The nerves come from the ciliary, 
which pass the ciliary body and form a plexus around 
the border of the cornea. Tlieir terminal fibrillae are 
most abundant in the epithelium and anterior layers 
of the cornea. Some few twigs come from the con- 
junctival nerves. 

Injuries and Wounds. — Many varieties — clean cut, 
contused, scraped, etc. Clean cut, if not too large, 
usually heal and leave no trace. Contused wounds 
are apt to cause suppuration. 

The great danger is of injury to the lens, which 
would be apt to result in cataract, or to the iris, which 
may prolapse, or, becoming adhered to the corneal 
puncture, cause staphyloma. 

Teeatmext — The pn')U((ri/ treatment is to place the 
eye in a state of rest and allay irritation by soothing 
applications. Atropine and cocaine should be applied 
several times daily; atropine 1 to 120, or stronger if 
need be ; cocaine 4%. Cold compresses if seen early 
enough. If the epithelium is abraded a few drops of 
olive oil allays irritation. The compress bandage re- 



foa VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

strains motion and so is useful; also excludes light. 
- If the corneal wound be central, use atropine, and 
quick. If peripheral, eserine }(>%. 

Foreign badies are of frequent occurrence, the 
most common being dust, glass, metal, etc., and they 
cause severe reaction according to the depth to which 
they penetrate and lengtli of time they remain. Ex- 
ceptionally, the reverse may be the case. They are 
seen easily, generally, and oblique illumination will 
facilitate a search. If superficial, remove with a spud. 
If firmly imbedded, use forceps or a needle. To avoid 
a deeply seated particle falling backwards into the 
anterior chamber during attempts at removal, a broad 
needle may be passed into the anterior chamber so as 
to form a base on which to work. Cocaine 4% must 
be used, and an eye-speculum will insure better results 
if used. 

Burns, injurisi, from chemical agents, etc., are apt to 
cause sloughing and permanent opacities. Use oil, 
cocaine; wash the eye thoroughly, and neutralize acids 
by alkalis — for instance, soda, dram to the ounce. 
Should the offending matter be lime, use vinegar and 
water, oil, and, above all, don't put a little water into 
the eye. 

Abrasions of epithelium appear as a roughened, glist- 
ening facet, and are very painful. Use oil coUyria. 

Keratitis (inflammation of the cornea.) Resaltof in- 
juriss, exposure, constitutional diseases, mal-nutrition. 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 



69 



inflammation of adjacent parts, etc. ; is one of the most 
frequent diseases of the eye. It leads to vascularization, 
cell proliferation and suppuration, each of these con- 
ditions being more or less prominent according to the 
kind of inflammation present. Attending these con- 
ditions we find the vision is impaired, ciliary irritation, 
which is always ominous (a zone of fine vessels appearing 
around the corneal margin), pain, photophobia, lachry- 
mation, conjunctival congestion and contraction of the 
pupil. The cornea will be turbid and swollen. If 
ulcerated, it becomes thinned, and perhaps rupturing 
permits deeper parts to become prolapsed or escape. 
If thinned or softened it may bulge forward from 
intra-ocular pressure, forming staphyloma. After 
recovery, indelible opacities 
and alterations of curvature 
may remain, with correspond- 
ing loss of vision. In treating 
acute corneal inflammations it 
Is the cardinal rule to avoid 
all irritants and caustics and 
to pay special attention to 
hygiene and general health. 
Atropine, darkness, and rest of the eye are always 
proper. Cold and local bleeding may be tried if symp- 
toms are very acute. Wiien the disease does not 
improve under this treatment, or becomes chronic, the 
proper treatment requires special experience. Where 




Fig. 83. 



70 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 



there is great photophobia, or spasm of the orbicuhiris, 
the cold douche, foi-cible stretching apart of the lids, 
canthoplasty, insufflations of calomel, ointments 
of mercury, etc., are employed. 

Keratitis Vasculosa. — Tliis is characterized by a 
grayish cloudiness of the cornea with network of 
vessels in the affected region. The epithelium may be 
shed, causing great pain from the exposure of nerves. 
Under favorable circumstances, tends to recovery. 
May, however, run on into other forms and be combined 
with them. 




Fig. 34. 



Phlyctenular Keratitij is characterized by phlyc- 
tenules in the superficial layers of the cornea like those 
in phlyctenular conjunctivitis. Tliese plilyctenules- 
appear as inflammatory nodules, singly or in groups, 
on «?iy part of the cornea, but most often at the margin. 
May be surrounded by vesicles, which vesicles may 



VETERINAEY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 71 

"burst and leave a ring ot ulcers. A triangular net- 
work of vessels will be seen running toward phlyc- 
tenule, its base towards the retrotarsal fold and its 
apex (/;; the phlyctenule, if this is at the edge of the 
cornea. If, however, the phlyctenule lies some distance 
from the corneal border, the apex of the triangle 
appears cut off at the edge of the cornea, thus leaving 
a space of clear tissue intervening between it and the 
phlyctenule. If the attack is severe, vasculai" keratitis 
may supervene, vessels then would extend upon the 
cornea quite up to the phlyctenule. The secretions 
from the eye irritate and excoriate the paits over which 
they flow. 

Interstitial Keratitis. — Also termed Pareiichi/)natoi(s 
and Diffuse. Will have swelling and diffuse cloudi- 
ness, which cloudiness usually extends from nuArgbt 
to center, and veri/ rarely the reverse. May be veiy 
slight, and again may be very dense, simulating ground 
glass. May be irregular in density, causing white and 
grayish patches. The corneal surface usually loses its 
polish and assumes a dull stippled appearance, due to 
loss of epithelium. Vessels may appear in the corneal 
substance, running from margin toward center, and are 
sometimes numerous enough to cause a bright red re- 
flex. Happily, there is very little tendency toward 
ulceration. This form is tedious, taking months to 
cure. 

Suppurative Keratitis. — The inflammatory infiltra- 



72 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 



.... Abscess. 



tion becomes clianged to pus, 
wliicli pus shows as a yellow 
opaciiy in the corneal tissues. 
The suppuration may be limit- 
ed, or the entire cornea may be 
involved. If inclosed by corneal 
tissue, forms an abscess; if 
superficial, an ulcer. Some- 
times the pus sinks down be- 
tween the layers, forming an 
onyx from its resemblance to 
the lunula of the fing-ei'-nail. 
Often will see hypopyon in the 
anterior chamber, caused by 
the pus settling to its bottom. 
These two conditions may co- 
exist. Vascularity may attend the suppuration, and 
with acute symptoms, or there may be very little pain 
and vascularity, which latter form is very dangerous 
from death of tissue and sloughing. Abscesses may be 
absorbed or burst open, or pus may undergo fatty or 
chalky degeneration, leaving dense opacities. An ulcer 
may be an opened abscess. But, remember, superficial 
ulcers may occur without a primary abscess. Ulcers 
are of variable size, shape and depth, and are dangerous 
according to their location. The crescentic raai'ginal 
is exceedingly dangerous from its tendency to encircle 
the cornea and thus deprive the central cornea of nutri- 




Fig. 35. 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOCxY. 73 

tion. If un ulcer extend deep enough to reach the 
membrane of Descemet, it may bulge forward through 
the ulcer like a vesicle, and thus form a hernia of the 
cornea or Jceratocele, and is usually followed by per- 
foration. Larger ulcers generally lead to staphyloma. 
"When perforation does occur, there is escape of the 
aqueous and a carrying forward of the iris and lens. 
If the iris becomes fast into the wound, it forms an 
anterior synechia. If perforation is large enough, the 
iris may lyrotriide, becoming adherent around the 
edges, leaving synechia. Sometimes, after healing of 
the ulcer, there will be re-accumulation of aqueous and 
tearing loose of the adhesions through the action of 
the pupillary muscles, the iris then assuming its free- 
dom, floating in the aqueous. xVs before mentioned, 
the lens may also be carried forward against the per- 
foration, and if it return to its position we may see 
some matter deposited on its anterior capsule, thus 
constituting anterior caj^sular cataract. IJemember 
that adhesions sometimes formed may never be broken, 
and the anterior chamber may be never re-established. 
If the aperture, resulting from ulcer and sloughing, 
be extensive enough to allow of escape of all the 
contents of the eye, atrophy of the globe will result. 
The rule in healing of ulcers is that some trace 
be left, from a slight cloud to a dense opacity, and 
are variously termed, according to degree— nnbeciday 
a mist ; nebula, a cloud ; macula, a spot. And 



74 VETERINAPwY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

often a cloudiness which will be promment during 
convalescence will clear up to a very satisfactory de- 
gree. But the reverse may obtain. During the heal- 
ing process vessels may be seen traversing the cornea, 
but this is physiological and necessary to absorption. 
Suppurative inflammation may result from many and 
identical causes with other forms, and is the dread of 
operators. Bruised and lacerated wounds are also apt 
to give rise to suppuration. Cases of severe conjunc- 
tivitis sometimes result so. 

Treatment includes the ordinary remedies for kera- 
titis, remembering to avoid all irritants. Even large 
liypopyon are absorbed, and it is very seldotn necessary 
to evacuate. Paracentesis maybe frequently repeated 
in cases of increased tension. Hot fomentations are 
often useful, especially in asthenic cases, where there 
is danger of death of tissue. In deep ulcers it is better 
to perform paracentesis through their base than to 
permit spontaneous perforation. In ulcers that are 
superficial and indolent, Scemisches operation is indi- 
cated and performed as follows : 

Introduce (after cocaine) a spring speculum ; grasp 
the conjunctiva opposite point of counter puncture 
with fixation forceps, (fig. 37) enter the cornea at right 
angles with a Graefe's knife (fig. .38) thus dividing the 
minimum amount of tissue ; then turn the knife in- 
"ward, avoiding the iris and letis. Make this primary 
incision inside the ciliary region, on account of risk 



VETEEINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 



of sympathetic oplithal- 
mia. 

This primary incision 
should he ahout two 
mm. from the edge of 
the ulcer and brought 
out ahout the same dis- 
tance on the otiier side. 
The knife then cuts its 
way out tlirougli tlie 
bottom of the ulcer. 
The incision may be 

, , , . Fig. 36. 

kept open by passnig 

a fine probe through it daily, using extreme ascepsis 
and antisepsis, and the tension kept down until repair 
begins. Corneal abscess may be treated in a similar 
manner. You remember my speaking oi 2)aracentesis 





Fig. .37. 

of the cornea, — it is performed as follows : Introdce a 
needle or blade of an iridectomy knife through the 
cornea near its margin and allow the aqueous to drain 



Fgi. 38. 



76 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

off sloit-Iy alongside the instrument. Tlie one care in 
this is to avoid too sudden an escape of tlie fluid and 
possible prolapse of the iris. Again, a too snddeii 
diminution of intra-ocalar tension is apt to result in 
shock. 

Pannus. — A vascular opacity of the cornea, non-in- 
flammatory. A new growth — neoplasm — the result of 
a preceding inflammation. The term is applied also to 
acute and chronic vascular keratitis where the forma- 
tion of new tissue is still in progress. A jiart or the 
entire cornea may be involved. Two forms, remember, 
I spoke of — tenue, thin, and crassum, thick (or beefy). 

In extreme degrees the cornea may appear de- 
cidedly red and fleshy, and this condition may continue 
for months and years with no change. The rarity is 
complete cure, for usually a good q.\\vq leaves opacities 
of different degrees. The cornea may become thin and 
bulge forward. Trachoma is the cause of the majority 
of cases of pannus, and these cases may present corneal 
granulations similar to those upon the lids. It may 
be traumatic from long continued irritation, such as 
that from foreign particles, inverted cilia, etc. 

Treatment. — After removing the cause, hasten reso- 
lution of the opacity, and to this end, if no inflamma- 
tion be present, irritating powders and unguents are 
used. Sometimes a too constant application of a remedy 
wears it out and a change becomes necessary. If the 
entire cornea be involved, the pannus in a high state 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 



77 



of vascuhirit}', uiid no tdcers existing, the Jeqiiiiity 
infusion offers good results. Opacities are frequently 
the result of corneal inflammations and cicatricial 
deposits. While they are classified according to de- 
gree, tliey are practically divided into superficial and 
deep, the former att'ecting the epithelial layer, the 
latter the parenchyma. A faint superficial opacity is 




Fig. 89. 



Fig. 40. 



called nebula (L. fog), a thick dense one leucoma 
(Gr. white). A cicatrix combined with prolapse and 
adhesion of the iris is called leucoma adherans. May 
see white, chalky deposits, which may be the result of 
an application of lead lotion where ulceration was pre- 
sent in the corneal tissues. Many opacities disappear 
spontaneously in the young and robust. As a rule the 
more recent and superficial the opacity the better the 



78 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

chance for removal. The application oi finely powdered 
calomel will assist absorption by exciting hyperemia 
and increased tissue change. Deposits of lead mny in 
some cases be scraped away, and the ulcer which 
results may be filled up with transparent tissue. 

Cicatricial Staphyloma is generally the result of 
ulceration, for the floor of an ulcer, being very thin, is 
therefore very apt to yield to the intra-ocular pressure 
and bulge. 

In the process of healing the bulged portion is apt 
to be covered with cicatricial tissue, and a staphyloma 
is left, bluish-white in appearance. Remember the 
leucoma adherans, which may be a complication. 

Kerato-conus. — Conical cornea is a cornea cone- 
shaped. It is a protrusion of the cornea, and its cause 
is not very well understood. Usually congenital, but 
may appear after inflammations. 

Fistula of the cornea may be the result of a perfora- 
tion, ulcer or wound. Difficult of cure, indeed. Contin- 
ual irritation from the constant dribbling of aqueous. 
Pacquelin's cautery, carefully cauterizing the edges of 
the fistula, or a delicate probe dipped in carbolic acid 
and lightly touched to the opening. Atropine, etc. 
A compress bandage, enjoining rest, from quiet and 
gentle pressure. 



CHAPTER VIIL 
THE SCLERA. 

The Sclera is a toiigb, dense, fibrous structure, con- 
tinuous with the cornea. Is a httle elastic. Possesses 
blood vessels, in which it differs from the cornea. Its 
fibrillie are gathered into bundles and cross each other 
indiscriminately. Lymph canals ramify through these. 
The cells are fixed, wandering and pigment. Loose 
connective tissue covers the sclera in front, and is 
called episcleral, and this in turn is covered by the 
conjunctiva. The sclera is pierced at the inner side of 
the axis by the optic nerve. This entrance is also 
belo^o the exact center. This place of entrance is sieve- 
like and is called the kanina cribrosa^ in the center of 
which is a larger opening, the 2)ortcs opticics^ through 
which passes the arteria centralis. Siirroxinding the 
optic nerve the sclera is perforated by vessels and 
nerves called posterior or short ciliary, which go to 
the choroid, ciliary body and iris. In front it is pierced 
by the anterior ciliary vessels. In front the sclera 
presents an elliptical opening, whose greatest diameter 
is transverse and whose border is bevelled on the inner 

side (remember the bevelling of the cornea), and fits 

79 



80 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 




Fig. 41. 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 81 

nicely over the corneal circumference. The sclera is 
thickest around the optic nerve entrance, grows 
thinner at the equatorial region and thicker again 
anteriorly. Tlie existence of nerves in the sclera is 
denied by some. 

Episcleritus appears as a swelling near the cornea, 
dusky red in color and most frequently seen over the 
insertion of the rectus externus muscle. Gives no 
evidence of tendency to ulceration or suppuration and 
looks like a phlyctenule. Irritation and tenderness. 
Rebellious to treatment. Met with in those of rheu- 
matic tendencies principally, and therefore constitu- 
tional remedies are the most valuable, {i.e., remedies 
for rheumatism), and, locally, atropine, and pilocarpin 
hypodermically administered. 

Staphlyoma of the Sclerotic— Before describing this 
form will mention Sderitis, which appears as a general 
faint pinkish tinge, due to injection of superficial vessels 
of the sclera. In its later and severer stages this becomes 
more bluish. If seen early it is hard to distinguish 
between it, iritis, and conjunctivitis, but the aqueous 
is dear and no adhesions are present, and that throws 
out iritis ; and having no secretion, there can be no 
conjunctivitis. This is another rheumatic accompani- 
ment, and De Wecker of Paris says in the human being 
it accompanies the articular rheumatism by preference. 
Now this inflammation of the sclera, from weakening 
and consequent thiiniing, may lead to staphyloma, and 



82 



VETEKINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 




Fig. 42. 
Anterior portion and ciliary region of the eye. C, cornea ; c S, Schlemra's 
canal ; O s, ora serrata ; i p, pectinated ligament ; e F, Fontana's space ; 
T, tendinous ring ; m, meridional fibers r, radiating fibers : ; c, circular 
fibers of the ciliary muscle ; Z, zone of Zinn. The full lines indicate 
the crystalline lens, iris, and ciliary body in a state of rest, the dotted 
lines show the same in a state of accommodation. 



YETERINAHY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 83 

SO here we are. It may be complete or partial. Again, 
it maybe anterior, between the cornea and the equator 
or posterior, around the optic nerve. Anterior staphly- 
loma has a dirty bluish color from the choroid shining 
through, and is of variable size, sometimes, indeed, in- 
volving the whole front of the eye. Where the tumor 
is small, paracentesis with pressure may check further 
progress. If very extensive it may be necessary to 
enucleate the eye. When the bulging extends all 
around the sclera is called annular staphyloma, and 
when complete may protrude so far as to be called 
hqyhthalmus. 

Injuries of the Sclera. — Dangerous;, as they com- 
plicate adjoining tissues and as they permit contents 
of the eye to escape. Small wounds may heal 
readily. Clearly cut, may be united by a fine suture ; 
any 2y^otriidi)if/ choroid or vitreous must he cut off with 
scissors first. Patient kept quiet, and ice compresses 
employed. If the wound is extensive and in the ciliary 
region, enucleate and thus avoid sympathetic trouble. 



CHAPTER IX. 

THE IRIS. 

Iris. — The Iris forms in the interior of the eye, in front 
of the crystalline lens, a veritable diaphragm, with a cen- 
tral opening — the pupil. Is a beautifully colored and 
contractile membrane. It is attached at its periphery 
to the sclera through the fibers of the ligcunentum 2yec- 
tmatam. The shape of tlie iris is elliptical. It rests 
(the pupillary margin) posteriorly, on tlie lens cap- 
sule. Its anterior surface is free. The iris is con- 
tinuous Avith the ciliar}'^ body and choroid, and 
together' these constitute the iweal tract, upon which 
the aqueous humor, the lens and vitreous, depend for 
nourishment. The iris divides the space between 
the cornea and the anterior face of the lens and. 
internal extremities of the ciliary processes into two 
compartments of unequal size — the anterior being 
the larger and the posterior having only a virtual ex- 
istence, as the iris rests upon the lens capsule. Both 
' the anterior and posterior chambers contain the aqueous 
liumor in which the iris floats free. The anterior 
surface of the iris is lined with a layer of epithelial cells, 

which are continuous with those on the posterior sur- 

84 



VETERINAUY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 



85 



face of the cornea. On the back of the iris is a thicker 
layer containing pigment, wliich is continuous with 
that of the ciliary body and clioroid. Now, this layer 
of pigment, tlie iivea, may be frequently seen as 
small bodies on a pedicle or stem in the pupillary 
aperture. Indeed, they may i)ass through and show 
in the anterior chamber. Called soot-balls (corpora 
nigra). JVIore often seen at the upper (pupillary) border. 

In color they are brownish- 
black. Unstriped muscle fiber 
is the predominating constituent 
of the iris, contained in a stroma 
of connective tissue, which also 
contains the vesselSjUerves, lymph 
spaces and cells. Around the 
pupil some certain fibers are ar- 
ranged circularly. This is the 

sphincter 2yi(pillm, and the dilator oi the pupil is formed 
of radiating fibers. The peculiar disposition or juncture 
of these two sets of fibers is that they join each 
other near the pupil in curves, as I here depict. 
The sphincter governed by the third pair, the dilator 
by the sympathetic. The i ris has three different classes 
of nerves sent to it from the ciliary ganglion, which 
ganglion has thrQe roots— sensitive, motor and sympa- 
thetic. The twigs which emanate from this ganglion 
pass to the sclera, surrounding the optic nerve. These 
are named the short ciliary. The two long posferio)' 




Fig. 43. 



86 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 



ciliary arteries form the circulus iriclis major by unit- 
ing with the branches of the anterior ciliary arteries. 
From these we have branches which form another 
ring, the circulus iridis minor, formed by anasto- 
mosing. The major is formed at the ciliary region. 
The minor gives off capillaries, which in turn become 
veins, and, the circulation being established, is re- 
turned in the same manner as above desciibed. The 



-^j^"t^^~g^i 






Fig. 44. 

iris regulates the amount of light admitted to the 
eye's interior, and by excluding peripheral rays ad- 
mits of acute vision. 

Iritis. — Inflammation of the iris is the result of in- 
juries, cold, rheumatics, extension of inflammation from 
other parts, etc. Three principal divisions: (1) plastic, 
(2) purulent, and (3) serous, but a description of one 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 



87 



general case will suffice 
for the general practi- 
tioner. With the appear- 
ance of inflammation, 
and its symptoms, will 
have an exudate showing 
at the margin of tlie 
pupil. Thisinay goonto 
such a degree that the 
aqueous sliows decided 
turbidity, iris becomes discolored and sluggish in its 
movements and much swollen. Now, this exudate I 
spoke of, in some forms especially, is sticky, adherent 




Fig. 45. 




Fig. 46. 

in its nature, and is the cause of the decided adhesions 
between tlie lens capsule and the iris {synechia). This 
condition may be readily broken up, but if the exudate 
is of an organized character, i.e., vascular, fibrous, etc., 
then the adhesions are correspondingly firm. 



88 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

Under si/mptoms, will find photophobia and lachry- 
niation, frontal pains of a lancinating nature, which 
are always aggravated at night, the degree of pain 
being some indication of the severity of the case. 
The lids will be involved to some degree, usually 
but slightly, however. Careful examination will re- 
veal a dull, rusty appearing iris, with often turbidity 
of the aqueous. The iris from infiltration will re- 
spond to light in a sluggish manner. There will be 
conjunctival and sub-conjunctival injection, which is 
represented by irregularly scattered vessels, which 
may be moved with the conjunctiva by rubbing on the 
lower lid, remember, and these vessels may be so en- 
larged and engorged as to present chemosis. The point 
will be the rosy zone of vessels surrounding the cornea, 
of a delicate pink — not decidedly red, but a pretty deli- 
cate pink. The lines radiate in a mathematical manner, 
i.e., with regularity and precision. They are not 
affected by movement of the lower lid with the finger as 
are the conjunctival vessels. The degree of this 
zone-like injection is a criterion as to the severity of the 
attack. Adhesions will be noticed, and may be slight 
or very pronounced, from a slight synechia to complete 
occlusion of the pupil. If they are not seen or easily 
diagnosed, the instillation of atropine will discover 
any, no matter the degree, by irregularities of the 
pupil. (See Fig. 4G.) Not wise to expect resolution 
this side of six weeks. May be met within one or both 




YETElllNAK^ OPHTHALMOLOGY. 89 

eyes. The oue condition, 
remember, wliicli will cause 
a doubtful prognosis is 
synechia, otherwise, with a 
reasonably robust patient, 
.t h e prognosis is good. 
There is a s[)ecial form of 
iritis called pxrule)^., and 
its most prevalent cause is trauma. F'oUows opera- 
tions on the eye. This form is accompanied by the 
formation of pus usually, and which may be in such 
degree as to collect at the bottom of the anterior 
chamber, forming hypopyon. This may run on to 
panophthalmitis or general suppuration of the eye. 

Treatment. — Assure yourself that no exciting cause 
remains in the eye. Then atropine till full mydriasis is 
secured. If \% be not strong enough, use sti'ongei'aiul 
stronger solutions until the effect is accomplished, even 
to the crude drug. Then maintain it by a weaker solu- 
tion. The patient must be kept quiet in darkened stall 
and not overfed. Cold applications are the most recent 
and successful method of treatment of cases with rheu- 
matic complications. Butinusingvery cold applications, 
watch out for haziness of the cornea, when they must 
be discontinued (Ilelfrich, Schenck). Now, though this 
seems paradoxical, warmth is a valuable means of treat- 
ment in some cases, and is especially valuable in re- 
lieving the pain at night. Let it be dry rather than 



90 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

moist heat. If it lias been found that a previously 
existing synechia is an exciting cause, an iridectomy 
will be in order, and also later, if other treatments are 
ineffectual. Of course the underlying cause must be 
cared for, whatever it may be. 




Fig. 48. 




Fig. 49. 

Tumors. — Not much to be done. Simple and mali- 
gnant, as met with elsewhere. If of sufficient import 
to render it necessary, excise them. Avoid, if possible, 
in excising cysts, rupturing their walls, if of a serous 
nature, for the serous cyst is simply distended iris 
tissue, and is translucent in appearance. 

There is a condition rarely, very rarely, met with, 
whicli I merely mention, called Memhrana Piqnllaris 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 



91 



I*ers%stans. During gestution the pupil is closed Ly a 
membrane, and occasionally some part or all of it 
remains. 




Fig. 50. 

Iridectomy. — (Excision of a portion of the iiis ; re- 
moval of the entire iris is iridavulsion.) Iridectomy 




Fig. 51. 



demands a speculum, fixation forceps, an angular or 
straight keratome, or Grseffe knife, iris forceps and 



92 



VETERINARY 0PHTHAL:M0L0GY. 



iris scissors, iuid cocaine 4%. Introduce between 
the lids the speculum. With the fixation foiceps 
grasp the conjunctiva direbtly opposite the point 
of incision (on tlie opposite side of the cornea, un- 
derstand), and thus control the eyeball. (A full 
dose of chloral hydrate is good in irritable patients). 
The keratonie is inserted about a line from the 
corneo-scleral margin into the cornea, and intro- 
duce the blade so as to divide as little tissue as pos- 




Fig. 52. 

sible. When introduced change the direction of the 
knife so as to avoid touching the iris or lens. With- 
draw knife slowly so as to avoid too sudden an escape 
of the aqueous. With curved iris forceps withdraw a 
portion of the iris, having grasped it at its 'pxipillary 
ed'je. Cut it off with the scissors. See that none of' 
the iris remains in the wound. Compress, bandage. 
Maintain asepsis and antisepsis, and instil i per 



VETEllINAKY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 98 

cent. sol. Eserine immediately to draw iris away from 
puncture and thus prevent prolapse or synechia, etc. 
Great care is to be taken not to injure the lens or 
iris. For should you hit the lens, cataract is apt to 
ensue, or glaucoma, with its horrible consequences. 
The cutting of the iiis may be followed by a little 
hemorrhage, which will be absorbed. Be guarded also, 
in withdrawing the keratome, that a too sudden 
evacuation of the aqueous does not occur, as the sudden 
diminution of intra-ocular tension might be followed 
by hemorrhage into the vitreous, and this is serious. 



CHAPTER X. 



THE CILIARY BODY. 

Ciliary Body. — Between the iris and the ora serrata 
(anterior limit of the retina) lies the ciliary body, which 
consists of tlie ciliary processes and muscles. It is the 
source from Avhicli the lens and vitreous derives 
nourishment largely. Is composed ot two portions — 
(1) a muscular and (2) a pigmented and vascular portion. 
Around the crystalline lens there is a wide black circle, 
the ciliary processes, forming regular radiating folds, 
which project by their inner extremities inward. There 

are about 120 of these 
folds, composed of connec- 
tive tissue, which is con- 
tinuous with that of the 
iris and pectinate liga- 
ment; also of blood ves- 
sels, convoluted, and cov- 
ered over all by a layer of 
pigment. From the fur- 
Pig 54 rows that separate these 

processes posteriorly we see a hyaline structui-e ex- 
tending, that constitutes the zonule of Zinn, which goes 

9-1 




YETEiM^'AUY OPHTHAL^NIOLOGY. 95 

C. 




Fig. 53. 

Ciliary muscle, after Ivvanoff ; a. cornea ; b, corneal limb ; c, sclerotic i 

d, iris ; e, Fontana's Spaces. 



96 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

to the border of the lens and, dividing, goes to each 
surface, leaving betAveen its separating surfaces a trian- 
gular space, called the canal of Petit. This pectinate 
ligament {'Ligamentuya Pectinatwn) is that portion of 
connective tissue where the iris is joined to the sclera 
at the edge of the cornea. The suspensory ligament of 
the lens is permeable, transfusion from the vitreous 
to the aqueous taking })lace. Chauveau says: "The 
anterior or ciliary zone includes two parts : the 
'ciliary circle' (or ligament) and the 'ciliary body.' 
The ciliary circle, ligament or muscle {annulus albidus) 
varies in width from one to two millimetres ; its external 
face adheres closely to the sclerotic and its internal is 
confounded with the ciliary body; the posterior border 
is continuous with tlie choroid zone near the canal of 
Fontana (cilia ly canal). The anterior border gives 
attachment to the greater circumference of the iris." 
This is a portion of Chauveau which I will ex[)lain later, 
for as it now stands it is not over easily grasped. To 
quote still further :• " The ciliary body (coj-pns ciliare) 
forms a kind of zone or ring, wider than the ciliary 
ligament, and consequently overlaps the latter before- 
and behind. It extends on one side on the inner face 
of the choroid and on the other on the posterior face of 
the iris." The fibers of the ciliary muscle are of the 
unstriped variety, and in different parts of the muscle 
they take different directions, the whole combined 
making a muscle of triangular shape. This is the- 



VETERINAEY OPHTHALMOLOGY, 



97 




Fig. 55. 
Insertion of the zone of Zinn upon the crystalline lens, seen from in front. 
The pigment of the detached ciliary processes has remained adherent 
to the non-plicated portion (a) of the zone of Zinn. 

muscle of accommodation. Vessels are the anterior 
7 



y8 VETERINAEY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

and posterior ciliary, which come from the ocular 
brancli of the ophthahiiic, whicli in turn comes from 
the internal carotid. The nerves are from the ciliary, 
which contain ganglion cells containing sensitive, motor 
and sympathetic filaments, and these pass to ciliaiy 
body, iris and cornea. These nerves, you understand, 
come from the ophthalmic division of the fifth, and 
the fifth is peculiar in its origin — to wit., from the floor 
of the fourth ventricle and side of the pons and the 
Gasserion Ganglion (this is sensoi-y), and from the floor 
of the fourth ventricle and side of the pons for its 
motor root. Contains also sympathetic filaments. The 
ophthalmic branch enters by the sphenoidal fissure, 

Cyclitis. — Inflammation of the ciliary body. The 
ciliary body is seldom involved alone. Usually the con- 
tiguous parts participate. Is as a rule an extension of 
iritis ; choroiditis. If the result of operation, or injury, 
then it may be alone involved. 

Under Si/mptoms will have ciliaiy injection accom- 
panied by chemosis, pain. The eye will be intolerant of 
touch, and that is the symptom. The iris will appear 
rusty. This may go on to inflammation of all parts of 
the eye — panophthabnitis. Prognosis is not good. 

Teeatment — .Hot fomentations, local bleeding, atro- 
pine, anodynes, etc. If the attack prove rebellious, as is 
often the case, enucleation, for the safety of the other 
eye, which, through sympathy, may participate. Injuries 
are dangerous, principally because of giving origin to 



VETEKINAUY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 99 

sympathetic ophthalmia. So, if tlie eye be injured to 
a grave degree, enucleation is the word. 

Irido-choroiditis, Periodic Ojyhthahnia, Eeccurrent 
Ophthalmia, 3Ioon blindness, {Irido-cijcUtis). — This 
affection is intimately related to certain climates, 
systems and soils, and shows a strong tendency to re- 
cur again and again. Usually terminates in blindness 
from cataract. Its causes may be said to be, primarily, 
in the soil— on frequently submerged grounds; on 
marshy and clayey grounds ; on coasts. „ Also wet, 
damp climates, which produce lymphatic constitutions. 
Again, rank, watery foods. This affection is usually 
seen during the dentition and breaking period ; there- 
fore are apt to see it between two and five or six. 
Among local causes would be smoke, acrid vapors, dust, 
etc. No one of these is sufficient to cause this disease. 
To-day a microbe is the alleged cause, or the product 
of a microbe. This product may be preserved in the 
marshy soil. The presence of a definite germ has not 
been demonstrated as yet. 

Heredity is one of the most potent causes we know. 
This is very positively demonstrated when botli 
parents have suffered. In support of this, we know if 
a mare had borne a number of foals, all sound, and 
then suffered an attack of periodic ophthalmia, the 
subsequently born would also suffer. The study of 
atavism presents many interesting facts in these 
rAt^ti^r-5. An^', y^t if '^hc foals of diseased parents be 



100 VETERINAIIY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

transferred to high, dry ground they will nearly all 
escape. In France, the government rejects all unsound 
stallions and refuses service to any mare that has 
suffered. Unwholesome food and errors in feed are 
undoubtedly predisposing causes, for in a given 
district those fed with judgment will be granted 
immunity in a large proportion over those badly fed. 
Intestinal parasites, over-work, debilitating diseases 
and causes of every kind that weaken the vitalit3\ 

The symjytoms vary according to the severity of the 
attack. Some present marked exacerbation of temper- 
ature, and again it may be entirely absent. But there 
always is evidence of g-eneral disorder, lack of vitality. 
Locally, symptoms are those of internal ophthalmia 
with the addition of increased tension or hardness of 
the bulbus. This may be due to effusion into its 
cavity. The contracted pupil does not expand much 
m darkness nor even under the action of a mydriatic. 
Opacity advances over the cornea commencing at the 
limbus, and may be partial or complete. And so long 
as it is transparent the aqueous will be seen turbid, 
with sometimes floculi. The iris will appear rusty 
and dullish. The lens will be clouded and will observe 
a greenish-yellow reflection from the eye. From the 
fifth to the seventh day the floculi precipitates, the lens 
and iris are more plainly seen, and the commencing ab- 
sorption may be complete in twelve to fifteen days. The 
recurrence is tJie characteristic of the affection. And 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 101 

it will recur again and again and in the same eye un- 
til total loss of sight ensues. These attacks may oc 
cur at intervals of a month or so, but they show 7io 
relation to any particular phase of the moon, as the 
name would lead one to suppose. These recurrences 
are determined, more likely, by some periodicity of 
the system. From five to seven or eight attacks usu- 
ally suffice in resulting blindness, and then the second 
eye is liable to attack with the same result. Between 
the attacks some latent symptoms tell the story, and 
these symptoms become more marked with each suc- 
cessive attack. Even after ih^ first attack there can 
be seen a bluish ring around the corneal n^argm, the 
eye therefore seeming smaller ; and after several attacks 
it /. smaller from atrophy. The upper eyelid, m place 
of presenting a uniform continuous arch, has about 
one-third from its inner angle an abn,pt bend caused 
by the contraction of the levator muscle. The pupil 
is contracted except in advanced cases, where, with an 
opaque lens, it will be widely opened, dilated. The 
animal will carry his ears erect and forward to com- 
pensate for his waning vision. Now, this is a general 
picture, but that the attacks vary with different cases 
must be remembered. The recurrence, however, is 
characteristic, and all alike lead to cataract and intra- 
ocular effusion, giving rise to T +, with pressure on 
the retina and resulting blindness. The prevention of 
this disease is the great object, and to accomplish this 



102 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

most desirable end, we must go back to the starting 
wire and have careful and discriminating breeding, 
feeding, stabling, etc., ad infinitum. 

Treatment is unsatisfactory. Some are benefited by 
colchicum in scruple doses where rheumatic tendencies 
are evinced, or two-dram doses of salicylate of soda 
twice daily. If the tension is increased to a marked 
degree paracentesis or iridectomy has been attended 
with good results. 

When convalescing, tonics — 

Oxide of iron, x 3 ij. 

Nux vom, gr. x. 

Sulphate of soda, 3 3. daily. 

There is an affection of the eye which has been and 
is the subject of great speculation and discussion : 



CHAPTER XI. 
SYMPATHETIC OPHTHALMIA. 

Sympathetic Ophthalmia.— Supposed to be due to a 
pre-existing inflammatory condition of tlie otlier eye. At 
its inception tliere is some photophobia, some injection 
and lachrymation. With the ophthalmoscope will find 
opacities floating in the vitreous. Pain in the ciliary 
region, especially is it painful to touch. The hazi- 
ness of the aqueous will be from the exudation from 
the ciliary processes. Occlusion of the pupil is a 
common accompaniment. Tension will be increased 
and loss of sight will be complete. The causes which 
are responsible for many such cases are injury, trauma, 
especially in the danger zone, i. e., the ciliary region ; 
an operation for cataract with the incision too far 
back of the corneo-scleral margin, for instance ; 
previous inflammations, followed by or resulting in 
atrophy, etc. The period of danger, /. e., Avhen one 
eye may sympathetically suffer from another, is vari- 
ously estimated at from two weeks to antj period. 
The most frequent period is from one to two months. 
The method and means of transmission is as yet an 

open question, and space forbids entering into the many 

103 



104 



VETEKIXAKY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 



theories. Prognosis is unfavorable, especially in ani- 
mals, as the affair is well established and effusion has 
taken place, by the time we are rendered cognizant 
of its presence. 

Treatment. — Enucleate the exciting eye, and if 
done early enougii, the inflammation will be checked. 
The sympatiietic eye must be treated as a case of in- 
ternal ophthalmia; to wit., atropine 1 to 120. Hot 
fomentations, moist or dry, as you choose, etc. 




Fig. 56, 



CHAPTER XII. 

THE CHOROID. 

The Choroid is a thin, dark-colored membrane situated 
between the sclera and the retina. Extends from corpus 
cili are to the optic nerve. Made up of vessels, pigment, 
and some connective tissue. The blood comes from 
the short posterior ciliary arteries which anastomose 
with the long posterior and anterior ciliary arteries. 
The veins begin as capillaries and take on a peculiar 
form. Resemble as much as anything else a weeping 
willow, and these uniting, form the venae vorticosse, 
emptying into tlie ophthalmic vein. The anterior 
ciliary vein drains the anterior portion. The long 
and short ciliary nerves form plexuses in the 
choroid and contain a number of ganglionic cells. 
Between the retina and choroid there is a layer 
of pigmented epithelium. The inner face of the 
choroid is not uniform in color, being perfectly 
black in the lower part of the eye. This is abruptly 
terminated at a horizontal line about the eighth or 
ninth part of an inch above the optic papilla. From 
this line on the segment of a circle from ^^ to i^^ of an 
inch in heiq-ht, it shows most brilliant colors; at first 

105 



106 



VETEEINA riY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 



blue, then an azure-blue, afterwards a brownish-blue, 
and after this the remainder of the eye is occupied by 




Fig: 57 



an intense black. The bright portion is the tapetum. 
The Retina lies between the choroid and vitreous. 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 107 

Extends from the optic nerve to the ciliaiy processes, 
where it is called the ora serrata. Consists of ten 
hiyers. (1) The internal Umiting membrane, separates 
the nerve fiber layer from the vitreous, and the fibers 
of Miiller terminate in this layer. {■!) The nerve fiber 
layer, consists of the axis-cylinder of the optic nerve 
fibers, which run in a radiating direction to the ora 
serrata, Avliere they terminate. At the macula lutea 
these fibers are bent into arches, and this ari-angement 
permits a lai-ger number to reach tiie yellow spot than 
if they approached in a radiating direction. (3) The 
layer of [/(oiyJion cells, composed of multipolar cells, 
each with a nucleus and nucleolus. A nerve fiber en- 
ters each of these cells, and one or more prolongations 
extend out into the inner molecular layer. These 
ganglionic cells are arranged closer around the optic 
nerve than at the ora serrata. (4) The internal molecu- 
lar layer, one of the thickest, graniilous in appearance. 
Consists principally of fine fibers from the layer of 
ganglion cells. (5) TJie internal granular layer, com- 
posed of two kinds of cells witli nuclei. The larger are 
nerve cells, liaving two offshoots, one passing into the 
inner granular layer, anastomosing with offshoots of the 
ganglionic cells, the other out to the external molecular 
layer and supposed to anastomose with fibers from the 
layer of rods and cones. The smaller cells of this 
layer are connected with the fibers of Miiller. ((5) The 
external molecular layer. Yery thin and is made npof 



108 VETERINARY OT'HTHALMOLOGY. 

the fibers just mentioned with some molecular matter. 
(7) The external granular layer. Composed of both 
nerve and connective tissue elements. Former consists 
of bi-polar cells, from which offshoots pass out to the 
rod and cone layer and inward to the internal granular 
layer. (8) Tlie external limiting membrane, formed by 
the terminal extremities of Miiller's fibers. (9) The 
lager of rods and cones. The rods commence as fine 
fibers in the outer molecular layer, pass through the 
outer granular, and just beneath the external limit- 
ing membrane begin to increase in size, forming the 
rod granule, and some distance after passing through 
this membrane they taper down into cylindrical-shaped 
rods which extend outward to the pigment layer. The 
cones also commence as a cone-sliaped swelling in tlie 
outer molecular layer, where they are in direct commu- 
nication Avith the fibers from the internal granular 
layer. The cone fiber becomes thinner until, just un- 
derneath the external limiting membrane, it again 
swells rapidly and there forms the cone itself, whicli 
contains a large oval nucleus and nucleolus. The cones 
are shorter and thicker than the rods, and are of 
a bottle-shaped appearance. The rods and cones are 
arranged perpendicularly to the plane of the retina, 
and may be divided into an inner and outer part. The 
inner is thickest and appears granulated ; the outer is 
broken up into highly refracting lamellae, appearing 
like superposed discs or piles of coins. (10) The 2»'g- 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 



10& 



ment layer, is a single layer of hexagonal nucleated 
cells, the inner surface of which is loaded with pigment 




Fig. 58. 
Section of Normal Retina X 350.— Eye removed for Sarcoma, Retina de- 
taclied but almost normal. — 1 , Vitreous ; 2, hypertrophied cells of vitre- 
ous ; 3, membrana limitans interna ; 4, fibers of Miiller (they are slightly 
hypertrophied) — they are part of the connective tissue frame work ; 5, 
layer of optic nerve fibers, nuclei more numerous than usual ; 6, layer 
of ganglion cells, some of them having undergone colloid degeneration ; 
7, internal molecular or reticular layer : 8, layer of inner granules ; 9, 
external molecular reticular layer — in this as in the internal molecular 
layer the fibers of Miiller are abnormally distinct ; 10, layer of outer 
granules ; 11 and 13. layers of rods and cones, in which a distinction is 
made between the body of each element, 11, and the process 12, which 
is its continuation ; 13, layer of epithelial pigment in polygonal cells. — 
{Noyes). 

granules. The fibers of Miiller form the connective 



110 YETEETNARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

tissue framework as they traverse the various layers 
and spread out in its membranes. At the ora serrata 
all the nerve elements disappear and the connective 
only continues, forming the zonule of Zinn. 

The Macula latea,ov yellow spot, is the seat of most 
acute vision. The macula contains no rods, while the 
cones are longer and narrower than elsewhere. At the 
center all the retinal layers are thinned, and this is called 
the fovea centralis. The retina possesses a particular 
vascular distribution. The arteria centralis retinae 
with its vein enters the optic nerve at a short distance 
from the globe, and with it passes into the eye. Tliey 
traverse the papilla and immediately divide into two 
branches, one up, the other down. These branches 
then turn out, but none of its capillaries extend into the 
fovea* 

Now, though the choroid and retina may be in- 
dependently inflamed, I propose to describe inflam- 
mation of both under Internal Ophthalmia. Severe 
blows, punctures, foreign bodies, sudden transition 
from darkness to brilliancy, glare of snow, cold 
and dampness, high winds, (front of ferryboats, for 
instance), rain, exposure when heated, and many 
rgeneral diseases, among which are rheumatism and 
influenza. Met with during dentition. There are 
not many external symptoms, unless the cause was 

* The above description of the retina was taken largely from 
Norton's excellent work. 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. Ill 

external, such as a blow, puncture, etc., in which 
case the lids and conjunctiva would participate to 
a marked degree. Otherwise the symptoms would 
be deep. The anterior edge of the sclerotic where it 
overlaps the cornea will remain white, when posterior 
to it will show congestion ; and this is caused by the fact 
that the arteries (ciliary) penetrate the sclera behind 
its anterior border. This many times cannot be seen, 
owing to pigmentation. The opacity of the cornea 
may be confined to its outer margin. The aqueous will 
be turbid and will see yellow- white flakes floating in it. 
"These may deposit and form hypopyon. The iris will 
be dull and rust}', as in iritis. Intense photophobia. 
Watch out for adhesions. In taking the tension will 
Und it plus, even to -\- 3. In severe attacks the forma- 
tion of pus in the choroid (and iris), which escaping 
sinks to the bottom of the anterior chamber, form- 
ing hypopyon, as above stated. In nearly all cases 
oataract results. 

Treatment. — Quiet, rest, darkness. May give a 
purge, if patient is robust. If any rheumatic ten- 
dency, colchicum, 3 ss and Sod, salicyl, 3 ss, daily. 
You will treat the eye much as for conjunctivitis. 
\ Astringents — Boric ac. 4?o ; Zinc, sulph. one to two 
.\ grs. to the 3, and never forget the instillation of 
atropine !/«, using an eye dropper. Some advise use 
of a feather, but that is apt to carry foreign matters 
Tvith it, so don't. In cases of severe pain, cocaine 4% is 



112 



YETEEINAEY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 



good. Local bleeding and blisters, the bleeding being 
accomiDlished by shaving the part desired and apply- 
ing leeches. 

A word or two anent the lltreons humor. It oc- 
cupies all that portion of the eye behind the lens. Has 
a depression in front called the lenticular fossa or fossa 
patellaris in which rests the crystalline lens. It (the 
vitreous) is adherent to the optic nerve and ciliary body 
and has no other attachments. It is contained in the 
hyaloid membrane, and this membrane forms the zonula 
of Zinn, and it is between the layers of the zonule and 
around t\\Q circumference of the lens that we have the 
canal of Petit. Now through the center of the vitreous 
may be discovered a canal, the canal of Cloqnet, for the 
hyaloid artery during foetal life. This is sometimes (very 
rarely) seen after birth, and is then termed Persistent 
Hyaloid Artery, and it has no attendant vein. The 

vitreous humor 
has neither blood 
vessels nor ner- 
ves, but it nmst 
be classed with 
organized struc- 
tures because of 
the cells it always 
contains. These 
cells have no de- 
^'" ■''^- finite form, being- 

round, star, spindle, etc. 




CHAPTER XIII. 

CRYSTALLINE LENS. 

Crystalline lens. — A transparent, biconvex body, 
solid and inclosed in a membrane winch is transparent 
and called its capsule. According to Chauveau the 
measurements are vertically -fij of an inch ; trans- 
versely /o- The posterior face, measuring transversely 
/o, is the more convex, for the anterior transverse 
diameter is but i%. The lens is enveloped in its cap- 
sule but /nonadherent to any part of it, and this capsule 
is of uniform thickness. Is composed of an elastic 
homogeneous membrane, being lined anteriorly with a 
layer of cells which give nutrition to the lens. The 
zonule of Zinn or suspensory ligament supports the 
lens, maintaining it in its position. This ligament, 
you will remember, is the continuation of the mem- 
brana limitans of the retina Avhich passes over the 
ciliary process to the border of the lens and separ- 
arately passes to the front and rear of the capsule, thus 
enveloping it and making a capsule. The canal of 
Petit, you see, is the space between the dividing sur- 
faces and the circumference of the lens. Function of 

this canal is in doubt ; supposed, however, to convey 
8 113 



114 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 



nourishment to the lens. The zonule has control over 
the accommodative changes of the lens. The tissue 
proper of the lens is composed of concentric layers, and 
each layer is composed in turn of a single layer of 




Fig. 60. 

Eye of calf— third month (Kolliker). pp, lower lid; pa, upper lid; m, 
mesoderm not yet differentiated ; c, cornea ; mp, membrana pupillaris ; 
i, place of iris ; chc, chorio-capillaris ; g, vitreous ; p, pigment layer or 
proximal lamella of the secondary eye vesical ; r, its distal lamella, 
composing the retina. 

fibers with a cementing substance. These fibers have 
each an oval nucleus. Now, each fiber runs from the an- 
terior to the posterior surface in a meridianal manner, 
the ends meeting at the poles of the lens in such a 
manner as to form a star-like ficrure. Taking the lens 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 



115 



as a whole, it is divided into a nucleus and a cortex. 
A single layer of fibers under the microscope will be 
seen to lie parallel and each measure about ^^'^^ of an 
inch in thickness. They unite with each other by 
serrated borders, by dovetailing. The lens acts as any 
plus lens, bringing light to a focus. Cataract is the 
common result of internal ophthalmia and is an opacity 





Fig. 61. 



Fig. 62. 



of the crystalline caused by interference with its 
nutrition. Ergotism is a cause, but we don't know how. 
Cataract may occur at any age. Sometimes congenital. 
Two principal divisions, hard and soft cataiact. 
There is a peculiar form called morgagnian, and is 
a hard nucleus or a fluid cortex, or a cataractous lens 
floating in a fluid medium. Traumatic cataract is 
a soft cataract following trauma. The detection of 
cataract is by oblique illumination. The extraction of 
the cataract will not improve vision, and as its appear- 



116 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

ance is not marked, operative interference is not imper- 
ative. Tlie horse would be a sliyer after removal, as 
the rays of light would not he focused on the retina. 
Reclination or depression of the lens into the vitreous 
has been done, but it is dangerous, the lens being apt to 
set up hyalitis, etc. 

Ectopia Lentis Qv dislocation of the lens, is generally 
the result oi in jury. May be spontaneous and has been 
congenital, from weakening of the zonule of Zinn. It 
may also be complete or partial. 



CHAPTER XIV. 
THE OPTIC NERVE. 

The Optic Nerve.— Of this we will have but little to 
say. The anatomy of the nerve is so well laid down 
in Chauveau and the various works on anatomy that 
I will proceed at once to an affection called Amanrosis 
{Amblyopia). Palsy of the nerve. The term amblyopia 
is used when there is some impairment of vision for 
which we can ascribe no cause. Vision is often thus 
defective where the eye has long been disused— ambly- 
opia from disuse or ex anopsia. In ansemia subsequent 
to severe illness or hemorrhages, anmnic amblyopia. 
In lead poisoning. From exposure to prolonged glare, 
as in snow-blindness. From irritation of the fifth pair, 
as in neuralgia ; overdosing with quinine. Also tumors 
and other diseases of the brain implicating the roots of 
the optic nerve. Injury to the nerve between the 
brain and eye. Retinitis. Undue pressure upon the 
retina from dropsical or inflammatory effusion. Also 
occurs from overloaded stomach, even from pressure of 
the gravid uterus. 

Symptom s.—T\\Q pupils are dilated widely and do 

not react to li"-ht. A feint to strike does not cause the 

117 



118 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 




Fig. 63, 



Bcheme of the Central Visual Apparatus. — R, Retina, shaded where it la 
innervated by the left, clear where innervated by the right hemisphere : 
No, Optic Nerve ; Ch, chiasma ; Too, Tractus Opticus ; CM, Meinerts 
commissure ; CG, Guddens commissure, b, lateral tract root ; m, median 
tract root ; Tho, thalamus opticus ; Cgl, corpus geniculatum laterale ; 
Qa, notes ; Bqa, brachia anterior ; Rd, direct cortical tract root ; Ss, 
saggital medullary layer of occipital lobe ; Co, cortex (chiefly of the 
cuneus) ; Lra, median tract. — (Schleife), 



VETERINAllY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 119 

horse to swerve. And here a word. In makmg these 
feints, be sure you do not cause a current of air to 
strike the animal which woukl cause him to start and 
so possibly deceive. Tlie ears are held erect and move 
quickly on appreciating any sound. He will also step 
high. 

Treatment is useful only when the disease is symp- 
tomatic of some removable cause. Should the condi- 
tion persist after the subsidence of the supposed cause, 
try blister, (post auricular,) and give 3 ss doses of 
nux vomica daily. 

Atrophy of the Optic Nerve. This may be the oc- 
casion of the condition above described and (tig 64) 
is to be watched for, especially on passing horses. So it 
is imperative to know and handle the ophthalmoscope 
intelligently. The general symptoms are as described 
under Amaurosis. The ophthalmoscopic symptoms are 
here the interesting ones. The disk is almost always 
white— decidedly so— but may be grayish, and the 
lamina cribrosa may be distinguished. The blood sup- 
ply is lessened, with consequent paleness, and the larger 
vessels will be lessened in caliber. Thus is it very evident 
that the student must Jcnoio the appearance of a normal 
fundus. (See colored plate.) Colored crayons and a 
blackboard will not convey the required picture, be 
they ever so happily depicted. 

The disk will be sharply outlined, and often this 
outline will be pigmented. If this atrophic condition 



120 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 



succeeds an inflammatory attack, the outlines will be 
ragged and ill-defined. The duration of a case of 
atrophy is tedious, very, mouths and years being 




rig. 64. 

usual time of duration of a case. Occurs at all ages 
and may be congenital. Prognosis is unfavorable. 

Treatment. — Little or none. Strychnia may be used, 
hypodermically, about the temple. 



CHAPTER XV. 

GLAUCOMA. 

Glaucoma. — Norton defines gluucoma as "an excess 
of pressure within the eye, plus the causes of and 
consequences of that excess." That place where 
the tissue of the iris, the cellular stroma of the ciliary- 
body and the posterior and external portions of the 
cornea and sclera intersect, is known as the iritic 
angle (see fig*. 53). This juncture combines to make a 
tissue of a fenestrated nature. These fenestra or 
openings are the Fontana spaces. The meshes of this 
tissue (just imagine a coarsely meshed fisher's net) 
merge into Descemet's membrane and form the Kga- 
onentH7n2)ectinatio)i hidis. In the sclerotic is formed, 
by the same means, the canal of Schlennn (see fig. 42), 
and all of these spaces, etc., are connecting and are of the 
lymphatics. The canal of Schlemm connnunicates with 
the sclerotic veins, and thus the connection between 
the anterior chamber and the circulation is established. 
Blood is never found in these spaces physiologically. 
The zonule of Zinn, which you remember extends 

from the ciliary processes (posterior surface) to the 

121 



122 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

lens, is a readily transfusible membrane. The pres- 
sure in the aqueous and vitreous are equal, and this 
equilibrium must be maintained to have a tiormal eye. 
The slightest excess will destroy its function in cor- 
responding degree. This equilibrium is rendered 
stable by due secretion and excretion of the fluids. 
The intra-ocular fluids flow from the blood stream. 
The ciliary body supplies the fluid to the vitreous, 
aqueous and lens. Most of the secretion passes 
directly to the aqueous by means of the pupil and filtra- 
tion angle. A very much smaller portion passes back- 
ward and out through the papilla. The most impor- 
tant change which takes place in glaucoma will he 
found at the iritic angle, affecting the vessels compos- 
ing or entering into Schlemm's canal. These are 
inflammatory, and the iris becomes adherent to the 
cornea and closes up Fontana spaces partially or wholly, 
thus hindering the excretion of the fluids, and so aug- 
ments the condition. The fibers of the optic nerve 
become inflamed, and atrophy, in the later stages. 
There .may be fluidity and detachment of the vitreous 
and cataract of the lens. 

Sywptoms. — Take the tension, gently palpating 
with finger tips, using both hands, and it may be 
any thing, i. e., -j- or — . Palpate through the sclera 
back of the cornea. Cases will be met with where 
the tension will be stony in its degree of hard- 
ness. Haziness of the cornea is usually present, and 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 123 

the cornea will also present anaesthesia. Dilation 
and inactivity of the pupil is a constant symptom. 
The word glaucoma means green, and so we do get 
a greenish reflex in glaucomatous eyes. The pain may 
be slight or severe, and may have general symptoms of 
fever, etc. Swelling of the lids, chemosis and protru- 
sion (exopthalmus) are all due to infiltration from pres- 
sure. Glaucoma comes in relays, i. e., have a prodromal 
stage of a variable duration, weeks, months ; and then 
a sudden attack, lasting from a few hours to days, and 
then the eye returns to normal or nearly so. These 
attacks return, and the intervals become shorter and 
shorter, and finally, chi'onic or absolute glaucoma. Some 
cases go right from an acute to absolute with no re- 
batement of symptoms. Glaucoma tends to absolute 
blindness. Any condition causing vascular turges- 
cence may cause gout, rheumatism, fever. The use of 
atropine has caused it. Prognosis is always bad. I 
had the pleasure last year of showing the class a case 
of Glaucoma secundarhini in one of the clinics. One of 
the patients from the Broadway car stables was 
pointed out to me as having an interesting eye, and so 
it was. Secundarium means increased intra-ocular 
tension, consequent to some other disease. This case 
presented total occlusion of the pupil, the pupil being 
fast completely around to the lens capsule. (See Fig. 
47.) The eye \va,fi biqththalniic and hydrophthalmic. The 
whole globe was enlarged, and the cornea especially was 



124 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

distended, resembling, indeed, a soap-bubble. The lens 
miglit have been of ground glass for all its transpar- 
ency. Nothing could be done. 

I have said Atropine has caused. Since then, in- 
vestigations have led to the use of Scopolamine Hydro- 
bromate, whicli we have reason to believe does not in- 
crease intraocular tension. Therefore, use in place of 
Atropine (in strength 1 to 200) wherever have cause 
to suspect any increase iniewiAow. Another point. In 
making up collyria, use Trikresol 1 to the 1000 (in 
place of distilled water only as this will not decompose 
and is harmless to the eyes). 

Treatment. — The only medicinal remedy is Eserine 
Sulph. ^% every couple of hours, and must be used 
early. In veterinary practice the opportunity to use 
it does not occur, as the condition is well advanced by 
the time it is diagnosed. The eserine, you know, will 
ontract the pupil and thus tend to freeing the iritic 
angle. Also constricts the vascular system, diminish- 
ing secretion. 

I)orCt use atrojyuie. /r/r/ec^o^;??/, introduced in '57 by 
Von Grsefe, is tJie operation for glaucoma. The incision 
should be in the sclera, and allow tlie aqueous to drain 
away gradualhj, and be sure that no remnants of the- 
iris remain in the wound. The eye is not exempt from 
parasites, and we meet with Acari (mites), and nothing 
need be further said, as you all know of them and have 
suffered from their getting in the eye. 



YETERIXARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 125- 

Filaria lachrymalis.— A Avhite worm, about an inch 
in length, found in tlie Lachrymal duct and under side 
of the eyelid and membrana nictatans. Tlieir presence 
sets up a conjunctivitis spoken of as a vermmotts con 
junctivitis. Remove and treat. Filaria papulosa^ 
A silvery delicate worm, about two inches long. Seen 
in the aqueous and is very active. This was Barnum's. 
famous " Snake in the Eye." Sets up inflammation and 
has to be removed. Best to make incision in upper 
half of cornea near the scleral border. Then treat 
the inflammation. The Echinococcus, the larval state 
of the tape- worm of the dog lias been found in the eye. 

Cysticercus has its origin between the choroid and 
the retina, and causes detachment of the latter, finally 
perforates it and enters the vitreous, and entering the 
vitreous, sets up an irido-cyclitis and goes on to de- 
struction of the eye. 

Pentastoma Taenioides has been found by Stitten in 
the horse's eye, but this case stands alone. 



CHAPTER XVII. 

ENEUCLEATION. 

Eneucleation. — Instruments necessary will be 
curved blunt-pointed scissors, speculum, fixation for- 
ceps and a strabismus hook. The administration of 
cliloral hydrate in full doses, and also cocaine 
4 per cent., is necessary to this operation. 
Separate at the corneal margin the conjunctiva 
from the globe, going completely around, of course. 
Then divide the attachment of the superior straight, 
after catching it on the strabismus hook. Have an 
assistant hold the wound open with this hook, while 
you take another and insert it under the insertion of 
the internal straight, and so proceed with the balance 
of the muscles. Some divide the obliques previous to 
the optic nerve, and others, the reverse — protruding 
the eye by pressure — dividing the obliques and then 
the nerve. Do whichever method comes the more 
natural to you, and as the exigencies of the case pre- 
sent. With the scissors closed, push, pi'obe and sepa- 
rate your way back, until the nerve is reached on the 
inner side, and, with one cut, divide the nerve. Will 
have an immediate flow of blood, which is easily con- 
trolled by pressure. This operation is followed, as 

120 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

may be easily imagined, by considerable reaction, some- 
times fatal. There is a method ascribed to Liebold 
which is followed by less reaction and is called Jixen- 



127 




Fig. 66. 




Fig. or. 




Fig. 68. 

teration^ and consists in opening the eye by excising 
the cornea at its limbus and removing the entire con- 
tents. When these cases have been fatal, has been by 



128 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

meningitis mostly. Still, with ascepsis and antisepsis 
closely observed, there need be no hesitation in per- 
forming this operation. 

A word or two anent the Ophthalmoscope and its 
use. This instrument was the result of long and care- 
ful investigation by Professor II. Ilelmholtz of Berlin. 
"Was introduced to the scientific world in 1851. The 
scope, as it exists to-day, consists of a mirror, either 
plane or concave, with a perforation called the sight 
hole. Also generally there is an object lens. The 
mirror is the essential. Usually we use a lamp for 
light, and have it held behind and to one side of the 
eye we wish to examine. The examiner should keep 
both eyes open, for the same reason that a sailor will 
keep both open when using the telescope, and what- 
ever may be seen by the other eye must be disregarded. 
The first thing noticed will be a rec? reflex, where before 
the introduction of the beam of light all seemed black. 
Having succeeded this much, the student will try 
and make up his mind finally that this particular 
eye has no disc, hut it is there, and that is the objective 
point. Find the disc. Just when one decides to " let 
go" and postpone the search, like a moon in a brilliant 
sky, the disc will sail into sight, and as quickly sail 
out of view. However, we have demonstrated to our own 
satisfaction that it is there, and that gives one the needed 
stimulus to go on and patiently endure disappointment 
after disappointment, until, as always, success crowns 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 



129 



our efforts and we are astonished and pleased with our 
ability to locate the disc and study its condition at will. 
"We cannot tell our patients to look upward, down- 




Fig. 69. 

ward, to the right, to the left, and thus bring into the 
field each and all portions of the fundus. Therefore 
•'tre do the see-sawing, and, having gotten the focus, 
9 



130 VETERINARY ORHTHALMOLOGY. 

slide your head, (and with it your eye) vrith the scope 
in 2^osition, to tlie right and left, upward and down- 
ward. There are two methods of examining the 
fundus — direct and indirect. In the direct method, 
the i?na//e (that which we see and appreciate, at the 
bottom or fundus of the eye, is the image), will be 
erect, /. e., it will have suffered no inversion, as I's 
the case when the indirect method is employed, 
for there we interpose a biconvex lens between the 
eye examined and our own, thus invertinc/ the image 
This I demonstrated early in the session upon the 
blackboard diagrammatically. Now, if you, for experi- 
ment, will take a piece of card- board and drive a pencil 
through it, you will find on looking through the result- 
ing hole that the nearer your own eye you bring the 
card the larger will be the field of vision. Yes? So 
with the eye of the subject, for the pupil represents 
the hole in the cardboard. But there is a bar here 
which can be overcome only by experienced pilots. 
The observer must put Ills own eye in a condition 
equivalent to his looking at an object in the distance 
—twenty feet — i.e., his eye, to see the fundus (the ac- 
commodation of the observed eye being suspended, at 
rest) must be in a condition to receive parallel rays. 
Fortunately, the horse under examination. being in a 
semi-darkened room, relaxes his accommodation, and 
thus one factor is overcome. This is to be accom- 
plished only by jyracfice, and like all good things is 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 131 

gained only by patient application. The observer's 
eye must be normal, i.e., neither hyperopia, myopic or 
astigmatic, and if such conditions do exist they must 
be corrected by a proper glass. The indirect method, 
(the inverted image.) To use this, the examiner holds 
in front of the observed eye a biconvex lens of 2^ 
or 31 inch focus, and does not bring the scope nearer 
than one foot, and he may draw gradually back 
until the proper view is obtained, the top of the scope 




touching the eyebrow. This biconvex lens condenses 
the light which the mirror throws to the eye, and of 
necessity (light returning in the same direction in 
which it came) passes through the lens, becoming 
inverted and forming an image hetv:€en the lens and 
mirror, in the air, and is thus an aei-ial image. An im- 
portant aid to diagnosis is the Ih inch lens which 
accompanies the ophthalmoscope, and which we use in 
the indirect method, and also for oblique illumina- 
tion. In olden times, before oblique illumination, 
the catoptric test was used to detect cataract, 
etc., in the lens, but where it was most desir- 



132 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

able, ^■.e., in the very obscure and slight cases, it was of 
little use. It is still useful in determining the presence 
or absence of the lens, and depends upon the fact that 
the surfaces of the cornea and lens reflect images and 
consists of the following maneuvres : Hold a candle, 
lighted, .efore an eye in a darkened room, and you will 
observe three distinct images — the anterior, bright, erect 
and distinct from the anterior surface of the cornea ; an 
intermediate, slight, smaller, inverted, and fairly dis- 
tinct from the lens' posterior capsule, which is con- 
cave ; and a posterior, indistinct and erect from the 
surface of the leni interior capsule. To return to 
oblique illumination, and this is of extreme applica- 
bility. While being very easy, the veriest novice hav- 
ing it at his command, it is decidedly thorough, one 
being enabled by its mediation to discern the slightest 
opacities and strise of incipient cataract, etc. For this 
test, need but a 21 inch lens and a candle flame. To 
be thorough, the use of cocaine, atropine, or scopo- 
lamine is necessary. Have the candle placed on one 
side of the head and concentrate its rays by means 
of the lens so as to focus upon the eye, and then the 
cornea, the pupil, the iris and the lens may be very 
thoroughly studied. For the examination of the 
anterior parts and chamber, the lens is sufficient, 
but there it ends and the ophthalmoscope comes into 
play. If we take a small box and punch a hole in the 
top, through which we send a pencil of light l>y means 



VETEEINAEY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 133 

of our 2^ inch lens, we illuminate the interior, and can 
study its every part. Well, then, why not the same 
with the eye ? The eyeball is not a box simply. It 
contains a lens, ami that is why. If you throw a 
pencil of light into the eye it will be brought to a focus 
by the lens. That is not the case in a simple box. 
The light has to come back again and emerge from 
the eye. So if the lens (biconvex) brings the entering 
rays to a focus, it does tlie same for those emerging. 
(See figs. 6 and 7.) But the entering rays were parallel 
and brought to a focus through the mediation of the 
lens, whereas the emerging rays, coming from a 
focus, were rendered parallel. Let us go a little 
further. Suppose divergent rays be the case, as 
they will pass to the lens and on retuDiing will be 
converged and made to meet at a focus in front of the 
lens. As tlie rays primarily were not parallel, but 
divergent, the focus at which they meet after passing 
through the lens will not be at the same distance, as 
you see. They will be further than the focus for 
parallel rays. * If one of the foci be brought nearer the 
lens the other will be further off and are called con- 
jugate foci. Now, please notice that although con- 
jugate they maintain a certain distance between each 
other, for as you approach one foci the otlier recedes. 
So, all rays emanating from the eye take a direction 
toward the conjugate focus, and if one attempts using 
this ray to see the fundus he must necessarily bring 



134 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 

his eye into their line. Then what happens? The 
line occupied by these rays is the same that was taken 
by the entering rays, and if no rays enter the eye, none 
will emerge. And when you try to intercept the rays 
coming /Vo/M the eye so as to make use of them in view- 
ing the fundus, you get in the path of the lines of light 
which enter and of course your head intercepts them. 
Consequently, having cut off the source of light, the 
result is darkness. For example, a candle a couple of 
feet from the eyes will give divergent rays, which will 
enter the eye, be refracted and focus on the retina,, 
forming an image of the candle-flame. The rays will 
undergo reflection, and being reflected back through 
the lens, will be again refracted, and you will find at 
the candle-flame an image of the fundus, and at the 
candle-flame is one of the conjugate foci. Of course, if 
you interpose your head between the eye and the candle, 
the rays emanating from the candle will be cut off and, 
in place of the observed eye being illuminated it will 
be in a shadow of your own head. If you try to look 
from the other side of the flame, ^. e., having the flame 
between you and the patient's eye, you will be dazzled by 
the flame, as it radiates light in all directions though 
in straight lines. And there the matter stood until, 
in 1851, Helmholtz, after careful study evolved the 
Ophthalmoscope. What was wanted was a some- 
thing which would allow an observer to bring his 
head into his oion light. This the mirror, which is a 



VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 



135 



part of the ophthalmoscope, does, being a mirroi^ 
pierced by a hole for observation. An ophthalmoscopy 
consists principally of two parts — a mirror and a lens, 
and the mirror is the essential part, everything else 
being accessory. 

" Find ovit the cause of this effect. 
Or rather say the cause of this defect, 
For this effect defective comes by cause." 

Hamlet, 

FINIS. 




BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Ophthalmic and Otic Memoranda Roosa. 

Encyclop. Brit. Article Optics. 

Physiology of Domestic Animals Smith. 

Ocular Therapeutics De Wecker. 

Diseases of the Eye Noyes. 

Physics Steele. 

Ophthalmic Diseases and Therapeutics. ..Xorto^^. 
Comparative Anatomy of the Domestic 

animals. Cuauveau. 

Popular Scientific Lectures IIelmholtz. 

Six Lectures on Light Tyndall. 

Journal of Ophthalmology, Otology and 

Laryngology, N. Y. 

Vade mecum of Equine Anatomy Liautaed. 

Diseases of the horse, B. A. I., 1890 Law. 

Pathology and Treatment of Glaucoma. ..Smith. 

Lectures on the Human Eye Alt. 

Diseases of tlie Eye Berky. 

Diseases of the Eye Nettleship. 

American Journal of Ophthalmology St. Louis. 



INDEX OF ILLUSTKATIONS. 



PAGE.. 

Action of ocular imiscles 47 

Apparatus, lachrymal 38 

Agnew's canaliculus knife 41 

Anterior staphyloma 69, 77 

Abscess, corneal 72 

Acconnnodation 83 

Angle of incidence 8, 9 

Angle of reflection 8, J> 

Anterior portion and ciliary region 13, 82 

Angular keratome 90 

Artery, persistent hyaloid 112 

Body, ciliary 82, 94 

Cowman's probes 43 

Corneal cells 66 

Corneal abscess 72 

Clamp forceps. . . . •. 37 

Canals, hygrophthalmic 38 

Canaiiculi 38 

Canaliculus knife, Agnew's. 41 

Ciliary body 82, 94 

Cornea 82 

Canal, Schlemni's 82 

Circular fibers of ciliary muscle 82 

Ciliary muscle, circular fibers of. 82 

Crystalline lens 82, 115 

137 



138 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 

TAGE. 

Cells, corneal 66 

■Cells, pigment, of iris 85 

Corpus, ciliare 94 

Ciliary processes 94 

Ciliary muscle 95 

Oornea , 95 

Colored plate Frontispiece 

Choroid 104 

Ciliary region 13, 83 

Cell, pigment, of retina 14 

Oavity, orbital 19 

Cartilages, tarsal 27 

Coat, choroid , 104 

Cells, ganglion 109 

Central visual apparatus 118 

Catoptric test 131 

Candle test 131 

Decomposition of light 13 

Dilator papillae 86 

Duct, nasal 38 

Disc 120 

Eye, third month 114 

External molecular layer of retina 109 

Eye of calf at third month 114 

Embryological eye 114 

Enucleation scissors 127 

Eyelid, saggital section of upper 25 

Eye, muscles of 46 

Eye, general scheme of (tailpiece) 80 

Formation of image 4 

Foci of rays 10, 11 

H'ontana's spaces 82 



INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 139 

PAGE. 

Fibers, meridiaual, of ciliary muscle 82 

Fibers, radiating, of ciliary muscle 82 

Forceps, fixation 75, 90, 127 

Fontana's spaces 95 

Forceps, iris 90 

Fibers, circular, of ciliary muscle 83 

Fibers of Muller 109 

Fixation forceps ,• 75, 90, 127 

Fixation speculum 127 

Forceps, trachoma 59 

Forceps, clamp 37 

Glanil, lachi'ymal 38 

General scheme of the eye 80 

Ganglion cells 109 

Hyaloid artery, persistans 113 

Hook, strabismus 127 

Hypopyon 72 

Hygropthahnic canals or lachrymal ducts 38 

Image, inverted 17 

Iris 82, 95 

Iris, pigment cells of 85 

Iritis 87 

Iris forceps 90 

Iris scissors 91, 92 

Iridectomy 91 

Insertion of zonule of Zinn 97 

Inverted image 17 

Internal molecular layer of retina , 109 

Internal granular layer of retina 109 

Jaeger's keratome 90 

Jones-Wharton, operation of 35 

Knife, Agiiew's canaliculus 41 



140 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 

FAGBw 

Knife, Stilliiig's 43 

Keratitis, phlyctenular 71 

Knife, Saemische's 75^ 

Keratome 90 

Lachrymal ducts or hygrophthalmic canals 38 

Lid, saggital section of upper 25 

Ligament, pectinated 82 

Layers of retina 106 

Layer of optic nerve fibers 109 

Layer of rods and cones 109 

Lens, crystalline 82,115 

Loi'ing's ophthalmoscope 129 

Lid, vertical section of upper 34 

Lachrymal apparatus 38 

Lachrymal gland 38 

Lachrymal sac 38 

Muscles of eye 46 

Muscles, scheme of action of ocular 47 

MuUer, fibers of 109 

Muscle of accommodation .82 

Meridianal fibers of ciliary muscle 82 

Muscle, ciliary 95 

Nerve, optic 118 

Normal fundus of eye Frontispiece 

Normal retina, section of 109 

Nasal duct 38 

Ocular muscles, scheme of action 47 

Onyx 72 

Operation, Wharton-Jones 35 

Optic nerve fibers, layer of 109 

Outer granular layer of retina 109 

Optic nerve 118 



INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 141 

Optiedisc ^"-^^f^ 

Ophthalmoscope ^oq 

Ora serrata r>n 

oi 

Occlusion of pupil „„ 

Orbital cavity .q 

Operation for ptosis oo 

Pencil of rays of light a 

Prismatic spectrum ^ ^» 

Pigment cell of retina j^ 

Ptosis, operation for oo 

Pectinated ligament go 

Pigment cells of iris gg 

Pupil, sphincter of g« 

Posterior synechia gq 

Pupil, occlusion of go 

Pupil dilator of oo 

oo 

Processes, ciliary q , 

Pigment, epithelial of retina jq9 

Persistent hyaloid artery j ,0 

Pterygium g^ 

Phlyctenular keratitis r., 

(1 

Pii'icta gg 

Probes, Bowman's ,.> 

Hetina, reticular layer of ^^q 

^'""* *'.^'"^^^'l06 

Retina, section of normal ,qq 

Reticular layer of retina .qq 

Ring, tendinous, of ciliary muscle §2 

Retina, internal molecular layer jqq 

Radiating fibers of ciliary muscle g2 

Retina, inner granular layer jqq 

Refracted ray of light ^ q 



143 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 

PAGF. 

Retina, external molecular layer 109 

Region, ciliary 13, 83 

Retina, pigment cell of 14 

Retina, outer granular layer 109 

Rods and cone layer 109 

Retinal layer of epithelial pigment 109 

Scheme of the central visual apparatus 118 

Scissors, Enucleation 127 

Schlemm's canal 82 

Section, sagittal, of ujiper lid 25 

Space, Fontana's 82, 95 

Strabismus hook 127 

Section of normal retina 109 

Synechia .'. 87 

Speculum, fixation 127 

Serrata, era 82 

Sphincter pupillae 86 

Synechia, posterior , 89 

Scissors, iris 99 

Spaces, Fontana's 82, 95 

Scheme of accommodation 6 

Seven primary colors 12 

Spectrum, prismatic 12 

Sagittal section of upper lid 25 

Section, vertical of upper lid 34 

Sytnblepharon 36 

Sac, lachrymal 38 

Stilling's knife 43 

Scheme of action of ocular muscles 47 

Staphyloma, anterior 69, 77 

Spring speculum 75 

Saemische's knife 75 



INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 143 

PAGF. 

Speculum, spring 75 

Scheme, general of the eye 80 

Tarsi , 38 

Trachoma forceps 59 

Tendinous ring of ciliary muscle 82 

Tarsi 27 

Third month, eye at. 114 

Test, catoptric .... 131 

Tailpiece 136 

Test, candle 131 

Upper lid, saggital section of, 25 

Upper lid, vertical section of 34 

Venae vorticosae 104 

Vitreous 109 

Vertical section, upper lid 34 

Wharton-Jones operation .35 

Zonule of Zinn 83, 9T 



INDEX. 



PAGE. 

Annulus albidns 96 

Accommodation 7, 14^ 97 

Arteria centralis retinae 79, HO 

" hyaloid 112 

Acari 124 

Angle, iritic 121 

Abrus precatorius 58 

Abscess of cornea 72 

Anteria synechia 73 

" capsular cataract 73 

Annular staphyloma of Sclera 83 

Agnew 41 

Abscess of lids 30 

Anchyloblepharon 36 

Axis, optic 16 

Artery, Ophthalmic ._ 2I 

Angle of reflection.. 8 

' ' " incidence 8 

Axis, Chief 10 

Aberration, spherical H 

Aqueduct of Sylvius , I5 

Amaurosis H^ 

Amblypia 1 17 

Atrophy of optic nerve 119 

Blindness, snow 1]7 

Bibliography I37 

145 



146 INDEX. 

PAGE. 

Body, ciliary 94 

Blindness, moon 99 

Euphthalmus 83 

Blenorrhoea 54 

Bean, Jequirity 58 

Bowman's membrane 65 

Burns of cornea 68 

Blepharitis, acute 30 

" ciliaris 31 

" marginalis 31 

Blepharospasmus 33 

Blepharophimosis 33 

Burns of lids '. 37 

Bulbus 15,16 

Baptista Porta 6 

Binocular vision 7 

Color 17 

Cavity, orbital 19 

Chauvean 19, 96, 113 

Capsule, Tenon's 21 

Cellulitis, orbital 22 

Canaliculi 24, 39 

Ciliary muscle of Riolini 24 

Conjunctiva 26, 50 

Conjunctival fornix 27, 50 

Cilia .• 27 

Chalazion . . . , 36 

Contusions 37 

Canals, hygrophthalmic 38 

Canal of Petit 96, 112, 113 

Conjunctivitis caturrhalis 51 

" purulenta 54 



INDEX, 147 

PAGE. 

Contagious ophthalmia 54 

Canal of Cloquet H^ 

Crede's method 56 

Cloquet, canal of 112 

Conjunctivitis diptheretica 56 

" trachomatosa 57 

Crystalline lens 113 

Conjunctivitis phlyctenulosa 60 

Cataract 115 

Conjunctival tumors 63 

Cancer ^4 

Cornea 65 

Corneal injuries 67 

Canal of Schlemm 121 

Corneal wounds 67 

' ' burns 68 

' ' abrasions 68 

" epithelium 68 

Conjunctivitis verminosa 125 

Cornea, imflamation of 68 

" staphyloma of 69 

Cysticercus 125 

Corneal abscess 72 

" ulcer 72 

Catoptric test 131 

Cataract, anterior capsular 73 

Conjugate foci 133 

Cicatricial staphyloma 78 

Corpora nigra 85 

Ciliary nerves, short 85 

Circulus iridis major 86 

" " jninor 86 



148 INDEX. 

PAGE. 

Ciliary body 94 

Canal of Fontana 06 

Ciliary canal 96 

Corpus ciliarc 96 

Camera obsciira 5 

Chief Axis 10 

Center, o[)tic'al 10 

Colors, primary 12 

Cyclitis 98 

Choroid 105 

Canthi 24 

Distance focal 10 

Dilator papillae 14, 85 

Duration of luminous imi)ressions 16 

Degree " " " 16 

Duret— stricture of lachrymal 43, 43 

Dacryocystitis catarrhalis 42 

" phlegmonosa 44 

Diffuse keratitis 71 

Differential diagnosis between — 

Conjunctivitis ) 

Scleritis t 81 

Iritis ) 

Distichiasis 33 

Diphtheritic conjunctivitis 56 

Duct— nasal 39 

Dacryoadenitis 39 

De Wecker 58, 81 

Dislocation lachrymal gland 40 

Differentiiil diagnosis between — 

Conjunctivitis catarrhalis. . . . ] 



Iritis I 

Trachoma >' 



.61, 



Conjunctivitis foUiculosis. . . . j 



INDEX. 149 

PAGE. 

Dermoid tumor 64 

Deeemet's membrane 66 

Equator 16 

Ether waves 18 

Eyelids 20, 2"! 

Exophthalinus 23, 123 

Enucleation 23, 99, 125 

Eyelashes 27 

Ectropium 31, 34 

Epilation 31 

Ectopia lentis 116 

Entropium 33 

Excretory apparatus ■. 41 

Epiphora 41, 42 

Echinococcus 125 

External rectus muscle 47 

Exenteration 127 

Episcleritis 81 

Fontana's spaces 121 

Fornix 50, 27 

Filaria luohry malia 125 

" papillosa 125 

Fistula lachrymana 45 

Fontana, canal of 96 

Focal distance 10 

Field of projection 12 

Fovea centralis 110 

Fossa, temporal 20 

" patellaris 112 

Foramen, optic , 21 

Glands of Moll , 27 

Glands, meibomian , 28 



150 INDEX. 

PAGF. 

Gland of Hartler 30 

Gland, lachrymal 20, 38 

Great oblique muscle 48 

Gonorrlioeal conjunctivitis 55 

" ophthalmia 55 

Granular lids . .57 

" conjunctivitis 57 

Glaucoma 121 

Humor, vitreous 112 

Hyaloid membrane 112 

Haw 20, 28 

Hyaloid artery ... 112 

Hiatus, orbital 20 

Helmholtz 128 

Harder's gland CO 

Hordeolum , 32 

Hygrophthalmic canals 38 

Hypertrophy of lachrymal gland 40 

Hypopyon 72 

Hernia of cornea 73 

Introduction 5 

Image, inverted 5, 15, 17 

Interstitial keratitis .71 

Incidence, angle of 8 

Iris 11, 84, 86 

" sphincter muscle of 14 

Impressions, luminous 16 

Image, position of . . . . 17 

Inverted image 5, 15, 17 

In j uries of sclera 83 

" " cornea 87 

Inflammation of cornea 68 



INDEX. 151 

Page. 
Inferior rectus muscle 46 

Internal " " 47 

Inferior oblique " 48 

Iritic angle ....... 12t 

Iridectomy 91. 124 

Irido-cyclitis 99, 125 

Iris, tumors of 90 

Iridavulsion 91 

Irido, choroiditis 99 

Internal ophthalmia 110 

Jequirity bean 58 

* « infusion 77 

Keratitis 68 

' ' vasculosa 70 

' ' phlyctenulosa 70 

" interstitialis 71 

diffusa 71 

' ' parenchymatosa. 71 

" suppurativa 71 

Keratocele 73 

Lamina cribrosa 79 

Lids, Abscess of 30 

Ligamentum pectinatum 84 

Lachrymal gland ■ • • • 20, 38 

" " dislocation of 40 

" sac 39 

" gland, hypertrophy of 40 

" duct 43, 43 

" fistula 45 

Luminous impressions 16 

Lids, granular 57 

Levator palpebrae superioris muscle 24, 26 



152 INDEX. 

PAGE. 

Light 8,11,18 

Lens 113 

Ligamontuiii pcctinutum iridis 96, 121 

Liobold 127 

Lenticula fossca 113 

Leucoma 77 

' ' adhcraiis 77 

Muscle— Ciliary, of Riolini 24 

Posterior n ctus 46 

Eetractor oculi 46 

Superior rectus 46 

Inferior " 46 

Internal " 47 

External " 47 

Superior oblique '• 48 

Inferior " .. 48 

Temporal muscle 20 

Obicularis 24 

Levator palpelirae superioris 24, 26 

Muscle of accommodation 97 

Meibomian follicles 50 

Moll, glands of 27 

Meibomian glands 28 

Membrane nictatans 20, 28 

Method, Crede's 56 

Membrane, Bowman's 65 

• * Deccmet's 66 

Hyaloid 112 

Ocular 20 

Meridians -.16 

Mites 124 

Motor-oculi nerves 14 



INDEX. 153 

PAGE. 

Macula lutea 15, 73, 110 

Membrana pupillaris persistans 90 

Moon blindness 99 

Nubecula 73 

Nebula 73,77 

Nictatans, Membrana 20 

Nerve, optic 79, 117 

" oculo-motor 48 

Nerves, short ciliary 85 

fifth pair 98 

Nictitation 33 

Nasal duct 39 

Oblique illumination 133 

Optic nerve 21,79,117 

" " atrophy of 119 

" axis 16,17 

" foramen 21 

Optical center IC 

Orbits 7 

Orbital cavity 19 

Ocular sheath 20 

" membrane . . ^ 20 

Orbital hiatus 20 

Ophthalmic artery ■ 21 

Orbital cellulitis 23 

' ' periostitis 23 

' ' tumors 23 

Ophthalmoscope 128 

Orbicularis muscle 24 

Ora serrata 94, 107 

Ophthalmia, sympathetic 99, 103 

" tarsi 31 



154 INDEX. 

PAGE. 

Ophthalmia, periodic 99 

Operation, Wharton Jones 35 

Opthalraia, internal 110 

Oculo-motor nerve 48 

Onyx 72 

Operation, Saemisches 74 

Ophthalmia contagiosa 54 

" catarrhalis 51 

' ' gonorrhoeal 55 

" neonatorum 55 

Phlyctenular conjunctivitis 60 

" keratitis 70 

Punctum lachrymalia 24 

Parenchymatous keratitis 71 

Phtheriasis 31 

Paracentesis 74, 75 

Ptosis 33 

Pannus 76 

Puncta 39 

Porous opticus 79 

Phlegmonous dacryocystitis 44 

Posterior retractor oculi muscle 46 

Pink eye 51 

Paralysis of muscles 48 

Purulent conjunctivitis 54 

Poles of the eye 16 

Petit, Canal of 112, 113, 96 

Panophthalmitis 22, 98 

Position of image 17 

Periorbita 20 

Pterygium 62 

Pinguecula 63 



INDEX. 155 

PAGE. 

Periostitis— Orbital 23 

Palpebrae 20, 24 

Preface 4 

Persistent hyaloid artery 112 

Prism 12 

Primary colors 12 

Projection, field of . . , 12 

Purple, visual 12 

Pentastoma Tfenoides , 125 

Periodic ophtlialmia 99 

Pectinate ligament ; 96 

Reflection, angle of 8 

Rods and cones 15 

Riolini, ciliary muscle of 24 

Recurrent opthalmia 99 

Retina 106 

Roemer 18 

Sound waves 18 

Squint 49 

Staphyloma of cornea 69 

Suppurative keratitis 71 

Spherical aberration 11 

Superior rectus muscle 46 

Staphyloma, cicatricial 78 

Sphincter muscle of the iris 14 

Simpathetic cervical 14 

Sylvius, aqueduct of 15 

Sclera 79 

Staphyloma of sclerotic 81 

Sight IS 

Steele jg 

Sheath, ocular 



156 INDEX. 

PAGE. 

Sclerotic, staphyloma of 81 

Scleritis 18 

Sclera, annular staphyloma of 83 

Sebacious glands 27 

Staphyloma, annular of sclera 83 

Stye 33 

Symblepharon 35 

Sac, lachrymal 39 

Soot-balls 85 

Sphincter pupillae 85 

Short ciliary nerves 85 

Stricture, lachrymal duct 42, 43 

Synechia. , 87 

Superior oblique muscle 48 

Small " " 48 

Strabismus 49 

Sympathathie ophthalmia 103 

Snow blindness 117 

Spaces of Pontana 121 

Synechia, anterior 73 

Saemische's operation 74 

Schlemm, canal of 121 

Tinia tarsi 31 

Tarsi 26 

Tumors of conjunctiva 63 

Tract, uveal 84 

Third pair of nerves 14 

Tumors of iris 90 

Tapetum 7 

Test, catoptric 131 

Trigeminus 14 

Temporal fossa 20 



INDEX. 157 

PAGE. 

Tumors, dermoid • 64 

Tenon's capsule 21 

Tumors of orbit 23 

Trachoma 57 

Trichiasis 33 

Uveal tract 84 

Uvea 85 

Ulcus cornea 73 

Visual purple . 12 

Vision 7 

Visual axis 16 

Vascular keratitis 70 

Venae vorticosae 105 

Vitreous humor 112 

Von Graefe 124 

Warts 64 

Wounds of cornea 67 

" " lids 37 

Xerophthalmia 63 

Yellow spot 15,17,110 

Zinn, zonule of 14, 94, 112, 113 



WILLIAM R, JENKINS* 

Veterinary Books. 



1897. 



(*) Single asterisk designates New Books. 
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Tlierapeutics," with weights, measures, etc. By 
George A. Banham, F. B.C. VS. 12mo, cloth 75 

BA UCHER. ' ' Metliod of Horsemansliip." Including 
the Breaking and Training of Horses 1 00 



2 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 

BELL. "The Yeterinarians Call Book (Perpetual)." 

By Roscoe R. Bell, D.V.S., Protsssor of Materia 
Medica, Therapeutics and Hygiene in the American 
Veterinary College, New York ; President of the Long 
Island Veterinary Society ; late U. S. Goverment 
Veterinary Inspector, etc. 

A visiting list, that can be commenced at any time 
and used until full, c(>ntaining much useful informa- 
tion for the student and the busy practitioner. 
Among contents are items concerning : Veterinary 
Drugs; Poisons; Solubility of Drugs; Composition of 
Milk, Bile, Blood, Gastric Juice, Urine, Saliva; Respi- 
ration; Dentition; Temperature, etc., etc. Bound in 
leather, with flap and pocket 1 25 

{*)BItADLE¥. " Outlines of Veterinary Anatomy." 

By O. Charnock Bradley, Member of the Royal Col- 
lege of Veterinary Surgeons ; Professor of Anatomy 
in the New Veterinary College, Edinburgh. 

The author presents the most important facts of 
veterinary anatomy in as condensed a form as possible, 
consistent with lucidity. 12mo, cloth. 

Part I. : The. Limbs 1 25 

Paet II. : The Trunk 1 25 

CLEMENT. "Veterinary Post Mortem Examina- 
tions." By A. W. Clement, V.S. Records of 
autopsies, to be of any value, should accurately 
represent the appearances of the tissues and organs 
so that a diagnosis might be made by the reader were 
not the examiners conclusions stated. To make the 
pathological conditions clear to the r«ader, some 
definite system of dissection is necessary. The 
absence in the English language, of any guide in 
making autopsies upon the lower animals, induced 
Dr. Clement to write this book, trusting that it 
would prove of practical value to the profession. 
8mo, cloth, |i ^lustrated 75 



851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. iSth St.), New York. 3 

(**) CADIOT. ' IRoaring in Horse?,' Its Pathology 
and Treatment. This work represents the latest 
development in operative methods for the alleviation 
of roaring. Each step is most clearly defined by 
excellent full-page illustrations. By P. J. Cadiot, 
Professor at the Veterinary School, Alfort. Trans. 
Thos. J. Watt Dollar, M.R.C.V.S., etc. Cloth 75 

CHAUVEAU. "The Comparative Anatomy of tlie 
Domesticated Animals." By A. Chauveau. New 
edition, translated, enlarged and entirely revised by 
George Fleming, F.E.C.V.S. 8vo. cloth with 585 
Illustrations 5 75 

CLARKE. "Horses' Teetli." A Treatise on their 
Anatomy, Pathology, Dentistry, etc. Revised and 
enlarged. By W. H. Clarke. 12mo, cloth 2 50 

— " Chart of the Feet and Teeth of Fossil 
Horses." 25 

CLE A r EL AND. " Pronouncing Medical Lexicon." 

Pocket edition. Cloth 75 

COURTNEY. "xHanual of Veterinary Medicine and 

Surgery." By Edward Courtney, V. S. Crown, 8vo, 



cloth . 



.2 75 



(**) COX. " Horses : In Accident and Disease." The 

sketches introduced embrace various attitudes which 
have been observed, such as in choking ; the disorders 
and accidents occurring to the stomach and intestines ; 
affection of the brain ; and some special forms of lame- 
ness, etc. By J. Roalfe Cox, F.R.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth, 
fully illustrated 1 50 



4 Veterinary Catalogue of William B. Jenkins 

CURTIS. "Horses, Cattle, Sheep and Swine." The 

origin, history, Improvement, description, characteris- 
tics, merits, objections, etc. By Geo. W. Curtis, 
M.S.A. Superbly illustrated. Cloth, $2 00; half 
sheep, $2.75 ; half morocco 3 50 

DALZIEL. " British Dogs." Describing the History, 
Characteristics, Points, and Club Standards, etc., etc. 
With numerous colored plates and wood engravings. 
By Hugh Dalziel. Vol. I., $4 00. Vol. II., 8vo.4 CO 

— " Tlie Fox Terrier." Illustrated. (Monographs on 

British Dogs) 1 00 

— "Fox Terrier Sttul Book." Edited by Hugh Dalziel. 

Vol. I. Containing Pedigrees of over 1,400 of the best- 
known Dogs, traced to their most remote known an- 
cestors 1 00 

Vol. II. Pedigrees of 1,544 Dogs, Show Eecord, &c.l 00 

Vol. III. Pedigrees of 1,214 Dogs, Show Eecord,&c.l 00 

Vol. IV. Pedigrees of 1,168 Dogs.Show Record,&c.l 00 

Vol. V. Pedigrees of 1,662 Dogs, Show Record, &c.l 00 

— "The St. Bernard." Illustrated 1 00 

— "St. Bernard Stud Book." Edited by Hugh Dalziel. 

Vol. I. Pedigrees of 1,278 of the best-known Dogs, 
traced to their most remote known ancestors. Show 
Record, &c 1 00 

Vol. II. Pedigrees of 564 Dogs, Show Record, &C..1 00 



851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. iSfh St.), Netv York. 5 

"The Diseases of Dog's." Their Pathology, Diagnosis 
and Treatment, with a dictionary of Canine Materia- 
Medica. By Hugh Dalziel. 12mo, paper, 60c. ; cloth, 80 

— " Diseases of Horses." 12mo, cloth l GO 

— "Breaking- and Training Dogs." Being concise 

directions for the proper education of dogs, both 
for the field and for companions. Second edi- 
tion, revised and enlarged. Part I, by Pathfinder ; 
Part II, by Hugh Dalziel, 12mo, cloth, illus .... 2 . 60 

— " The Collie." Its History, Points, and Breeding. By 

Hugh Dalziel. Illustrated, 8vo, paper, 50c., cloth 1 00 

— "The Greyhound." Svo, cloth, illus 1 00 

DANCE. " Veterinary Tablet." Folded in cloth case. 
The tablet of A. A. Dance is a synopsis of the diseases 
of horses, cattle and dogs with the causes, symptoms 
and cures 75 

DANA. "Tables in Comparative Physiology." By 

Prof. C. L.Dana, M.D 25 ' 

DAY. "The Race-horse in Training-." By Wm. Day, 
Svo 3 50 

{**)DUN. "Veterinary Medicines, Their Actions and 

Uses." By Finlay Dun, V.S. llevised edition (almost 
entirely re- written) Svo, cloth 3 50 

DWYER. <' Seats and Saddles." Bits and Bitting, 
Draught and Harness and the Prevention and Cure of 
Restiveness in Horses. By Francis Dwyer. Illus- 
trated. 1 vol., 12mo, cloth, gilt 1 50 



6 Veterinary Catalogue of William B. Jenkins 

OFLEMIJVG. "Veterinary Obstetrics." Including the 
Accidents and Diseases incident to Pregnancy, Parturi- 
tion, and the early Age in Domesticated Animals. 
By Geo. Fleming, F.E.C.V.S. With 212 illustrations. 
New edition revised, 226 illustrations, 758 pages. ..6 25 
773 page8,8vo, cloth (old edition) 3 50 

— "Babies and Hydrophobia." History. Natural 

Causes, Symptoms and Prevention. By Geo. 
Fleming, M. R.C.V.S. Svo, cloth 3 75 

— " Propagation of Tuberculosis." Stating Injurious 

Effects from the consumption of the Flesh and 
Milk of Tuberculous Animals. By Geo. Fleming, 
M.D., M.R.C.V.S., and others. Svo, cloth 1 £0 

— "A Treatise on Practical Horseshoeing." By Geoige 

Fleming, M.R.G.V.S. Cloth 75 

— "Tuberculosis." From a Sanitary and -Pathological 

Point of View 25 

• — "The Contagious Diseases of Animals" Their 
influence on the wealth and health of nations. 
12mo, paper 25 

— "Operative Veterinary Surgery." Part I, by Dr. 

Geo. Fleming, M.R.C.V.S. This valuable work, 
the most practical treatise yet issued on the 
subject in the English language, is devoted to the 
common operations of Veterinary Surgery; and the 
concise descriptions and directions of the text are illus- 
trated with numerous wood engravings. 8vo,cloth.2 75 

Orders are no%r received for tbe second volume^ which 
is expected by December. 



851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. 48f/i St.), New York. 7 

— " Human and Animal Variolie." A Study in 

Comparative Pathology. Paper 25 

— "Animal Plag'ues," Their History, Nature, and 

Prevention. By George Fleming, F. R. C. V. S., etc. 
First Series. Svo, cloth, $6.00; Second Series. 
8vo, cloth 3 00 

— " Roaring- in Horses." By Dr. George Fleming, 

F.R C.V.S. A treatise on this peculiar disorder 
of the Horse, indicating its method of treatment 
and curability. Svo, cloth, with col. plates 1 50 

{** ;FLEMING-NEUMANN. "Parasites and Para- 
sitic Disejises of the Domesticated Animals." A 

work which the students of human or veterinary medi- 
cine, the sanitarian, agriculturist or breeder or rearer 
of animals, may refer for full information regarding 
the external and internal Parasites — vegetable and 
animal — which attack various species of Domestic 
Animals. A Treatise by L. G. Neumann, Professor 
at the National Veterinary School of Toulouse. 
Translated and edited by George Fleming, C. B., L.L. 
D.,F.E.C.V.S. 873 pages, 365 illustrations, cloth. 7 50 

FHIEDBEBGEB - FBOHNEB. "Patliology 
and Therapeutics of the Domesticated Animals." 

Translated by Prof. L. Zuill, M. D., D. V. S. 
2 vol 12 00 

GBESS WEL L. "The Diseases and Disorders of the 
Ox." By George Gresswell, B.A. With Notes by 
James B. Gresswell. Crown, 8vo, cloth, illus 3 50 

— " Diseases and Disorders of the Horse." By Albert, 

James B., and George Gresswell. Crown, 8vo, illus- 
trated, cloth 1 75 



8 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 

GBESS WELL. Manual of "The Theory and Practice 
of Equine iHediciiie." By J. B. Gresswell, F.R C.V.S., 
and Albert Gre,sswell, M.R.C.V.S., second edition, 
enlarged, 8vo, cloth 2 75 

— " Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics." By 

James B. Gresswell, F.E.C.V.S. 16mo, cloth . . .1 50 

— " The Bovine Prescriber." For the use of Veterina- 

rians and Veterinary Students. By James B. and 
Albert Gresswell, M.R.G.V.S Cloth 75 



— •' The Equine Hospital Prescriber." Drawn up for the 

use of Veterinary Practitioners and Students. By 
Drs. James B. and Albert Gresswell, M.R.C.V.S. 
Cloth 75 

— "Veterinary Pharmacopaeia, Materia Medica and 

Tlierapeutics . " By George and Charles Gresswell, 
with descriptions and physiological actions of medi- 
cines. By Albert Gresswell. Crown, Svo.cl 2 75 

{**)GOTTHEIL. "A Manual of General Histology." 

By Wm. S. Gottheil, M.D., Professor of Pathology in 
the American Veterinary College, New Yorli; etc., etc. 
Histology is the basis of the physician's art, as 
Anatomy is the foundation of the surgeon's science. 
Only by knowing the processes of life can we under- 
stand the changes of disease and the action of remedies ; 
as the architect must know his building materials, so 
must the practitioner of medicine know the intimate 
structure of the body. To present this knowledge in 
an accessible and simple form has been the author's 
task. Svo.. cloth, 148 pages, fully illustrated 1 00 



851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. i8th St.), New York. 9 

{*)HdSSLOCH. " A Couipend of Veterinary Materia 
Medica and Tlierapeutics." By Dr. A. C. Hassloch, 
V.S., Lecturer on Materia Medica and Tlierapeutics, 
and Professor of Veterinary Dentistry at thie NewYorli 
College of Veterinary Surgeons and School of Compa- 
rative Medicine, N. Y, 12rao, cloth, 225 pages . .1 50 

HA YES. " Veterinary Notes for Horse-Owners." An 

every day Horse Book, Illustrated. By M. H. Hayes. 
12nio, cloth 5 00 

— "Riding." On the Flat and Across Countiy. A Guide 

to Practical Horsemanship. By Captain M. H. Hayes. 
Second edition, 16mo, cloth 4 25 

— "Illustrated Horse Breaking." By Captain M. H. 

Hayes. 12mo, cloth, illustrated 8 40 

— "Tlie Horsewoman." By Captain M. H. Hayes and 

Mrs. Hayes. 12mo, cloth, illustrated 4 25 



{'*)HEATLEY. "The Stock Owner's Guide." A 

handy Medical Treatise for every man who owns an 
oxorcow. By George S. Heatley, M.K C.V. 12mo, 
cloth 1 25 

— " The Horse Owner's Safeguard." A handy Medical 

Guide for every Horse Owner. 12mo, cloth 1 50 

— "Practical Veterinary Remedies." 12mo, cloth... l 00 

HILL. " The Principles and Practice of Borine Med- 
icine and Surgery." By J. Woodroffe Hill, F.K.C.V.S. 
Cloth. (Temporarily out of print). 



10 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 

HILL. " The Management and Diseases of the Dog" 

Containing lull instructions for Breeding, Rearing and 
Kenneling Dogs. TLeir Different Diseases. How to 
detect and how to cure tliem. Their Medicines, and 
the doses in which they can be safely administered. 
By J. Woodroffe Hill, F.R.C.V.S. 12mo, cloth, extra 
fully illustrated 2 00 



HINEBAUCH, "Veterinary Dental Surgery." For 

the use of Students, Practitioners and Stockmen. 

12mo, cloth, illustrated 2 00 

Sheep • 2 75 

{**)HOARE. " A Manual of Yeterinary Therapeutics 
and Pharmacology." By E. Wallis Hoare, F.R.C.V.b. 
r2mo, cloth, 56u pages 2 75 

"Deserves a good place in the libraries of all veterina- 
rians. * * * Cannot help but be of the greatest assist- 
ance to the young veterinarian and the every day busy 
practitioner."— ^Jrte>'tca?i Veterinary lievieic. 

{*)KOBERT, "Practical Toxicology for Physicians 
and Students " By Prof. Dr. Rudolph Robert, 
Director of the Pharmacological Institute, Dorpat, 
Russia. Translated and edited by L. H. Friedburg, 
Ph.D., of Dept. of Chemistry, College of City of New 
York, Prof, of Chemistry and Toxicology at the Ame- 
rican Veterinary College, New York, and New York 
Homoepathic Medical College and Hospital. Author- 
ized edition. (In press.) 

KOCH. "JEtiology of Tuberculosis." By Dr. R. 

Koch. Translated by T. Saure. 8vo, cloth 1 00 



Sol'SSS Sixth Avenue {cor. 4:8th St.), Neiv York. 11 

KEATING. "A New Uiiabridj^ed Pronoiinoiii^ 
Dictionary of Medicine." By Jolm M. Keating, M.D., 
LL.D., Heniy Hamilton and others. A voluminous 
and exhaustive hand-book of Medical and scientific 
terminology with Phonetic Pronunciation, Accentu- 
ation, Etymology, etc. With an appendix containing 
important tables of Bacilli, Microcci Leucomaines, 
Ptomaines; Drugs and Materials used in Antiseptic 
Surgery ; Poisons and their antidotes ; Weights and 
Measures; Themometer Scales; New Officinal and 
Unofficiuai Drugs, etc., etc. 8 vo, 818 pages 5 00 

LAMBERT. "Tiie Germ Theory of Disease." 

Bearing upon the health and welfare of man and tlie 
domesticated animals. By James Lambert, F.R.C.V.S. 
8vo. paper .25 

LAW. "Farmers' Veterinary Adviser." A Guide to 
the Prevention and Treatment of Disease in Domes-tic 
Animals. By Professor James Law. Illustrated. 8v<), 
cloth 3 Ui) 

LIA UTARD. " Median Neurotomy in tlie Treatment 
Clironic Tendinitis and Periostosi-; of the Fetlock." 

By C. Pellerin, late Repetitor of Clinic and Surgery to 
the Alfort Veterinary School. Tranf-lated with adili- 
tional facts relating to it, by Prof. A. Liautard, M.D., 
V.M. 

Having rendered good results when performed by 
himself, the author believes the operation, which 
consists in dividing the cubito-plantar nerve and in 
excising a portion of the peripherical end, the mean." 
of improving the conditions, and consequently tht 
values of many apparently doomed animals. Agricul- 
ture in particular will be benefited. 

The work is divided into two parts. The first covers 
the study of Median Neurotomy itself; the second, 
the exact relations of tlie facts as observed by the 
author. 8 vo. , boards 1 00 



12 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 

{")LIAUTARD. "Manual of Operative Veterinary 
Surgery " By A. Liautard, M.D., V.M., Principal 
and Professor of Anatomy, Surgery, Sanitary Medicine 
and Jurisprudence in the American Veterinary College ; 
Chevalier du Merite Agricole de France, Honorary 
Fellow of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons 
(London), etc., etc. 8vo, cloth, 786 pages and nearly 
600 illustrations 6 00 

— "AniinaiJ Castration." A concise and practical Treatise 

on the Castration of the Domestic Animals. The 
only work on the subject in the English language. 
Illustrated with forty-four cuts. 12mo, cloth... 2 00 

(*) " Vade Mcciim of Equine Anatomy." By A. Liautard, 
M.D.V.S. Dean of the American Veterinary College. 
12mo, cloth. New edition, with illustrations. . . .2 00 

— "Translation of Zundel on the Horse's Foot." 

Cloth 2 00 

— " How to Tell the Age of the Domestic Animal." By 

Dr. A. Liautard, M.D., V.S. Profusely illustrated. 
12mo, cloth 50 

— "On the Lameness of Horses." By A. Liautard, 

M.D.,V.S 2 60 

LONG. "Booli of the Fig." Its selection. Breeding, 
Feeding and Management. 8vo, cloth 4 25 

{**)L VPTON. " Horses : Sound and Unsound," with 
Law relating to Sales and Warranty. By J. Irvine 
Lupton, F.Il.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth, illustrated 1 25 

— "The Horse." As he Was, as he Is, and as he 

Ought to Be. By J. I. Lupton, F.K.C.V.S. Illus- 
trated. Crown, 8vo 1 40 



851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. iSth St.), New York. 13 

MAGNEB. "Facts for Horse Owners." By D. 

Magner. Upwards of 1,000 pages, illustrated with 900 
engravings. -Svo, cloth, $5.00; sheep, $6.00; full 
morocco .. 7 50 

MAGNEM. "Teterinary Diagrams." (1) The Struc- 
ture of Horses Feet (in colors). The Structure of 
Horses Feet (Effects of Bad Treatment of the Feet). 

Mounted and Varnished . . 2 UO 

(2) The Shoeing of the Horse. The Education of the 
Horse, Mounted and Varnished 2 00 

MAYHEW. "The niustrated Horse Doctor." An 

accurate and detailed account of the Various Diseases 
to which the Equine Race is subject ; together with the 
latest mode of Treatment, and all the Requisite Pre- 
scriptions written in plain English. By E. Edward 
Maynew, M.R.C.V.S. Illustrated. Entirely new 
edition, Svo, cloth 2 75 

McBBIDE. "Anatomical Outlines of the Horse." 

12mo, cloth 2 50 

McC03IBIE. "Cattle and Cattle Breeders." Cloth. 1 00 

M'FADTEAJV. "Anatomy of the Horse." A Dis- 
section Guide. By J. M. M'Fadyean, M.R.C.V.S. 
This book is intended for Veterinary students, and 
offers to them in its 48 full-page colored plates numer- 
ous other engravings and excellent text, the most 
valuable and practical aid in the study of Veterinary 
Anatomy, especially in the dissecting room. 8vo, 
cloth 5 50 

— " Comparative Anatomy of the Domesticated Ani- 
mals." By J. M'Fadyean. Profusely illustrated, 
and to be issued in two parts. Pirt I— Osteology, 

ready. Paper, $2 50 ; cloth 2 75 

(Part II. in preparation.) 



14 Veterinary Catalogue of William R, Jenkins 

MILLS. "How to Keep a Dog in the Citj." By 

Wesley Mills, M.D , V.S. It tells how to choose 
manage, house, feed, educate the pup, how to keep him 
clean and teach him cleanliness. Paper 25 

{**)MOLLEIt, "Opcratiye Veterinary Surgery." By 

Professor Dr. H. Moller, Berlin. Translated and 
edited from the 2d edition, enlarged and improved, 
by John A. W. Dollar. M.R.C.S. 

Prof. MoUer's -work presents the most recent and 
complete exposition of the Principles and Practice of 
Veterinary Surgery, and is the standard text-book on the 
8ubje(it throughout Germany. 

Many subjects ignored in previous treatises on 
Veterinary Surgery here receive full consideration, 
while the better known are presented under new and 
suggestive aspects. 

As Prof. Moller's work represents not only his 
own opinions and practice, but those of the best 
Veterinary Surgeons of various countries, the trans- 
lation cannot fail to be of signal service to American 
and British Veterinarians and to Students of Veter- 
inary and Comparative Surgery. 

1 vol., 8vo. 722 pages, 142 illustrations 5 25 

MORETON. " On Horse-breaking." 12mo, cl...50 

MOSSELMAJS-LIEJ^A UX. "Veterinary Microbio- 

logy." By Professors Mosselman and Lienaux, Nat- 
ional Veterinary College, Cureghem, Belgium. Trans- 
lated and edited by R. E. Dinwiddle, Professor of 
Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Arkansas 
State University. 12mo, cloth, 312 pages 2 00 



851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. mh St.), New York. 15 

{**)NOCAItD. " The Animal Tuberculoses, and their 
Relation to Human Tuberculosis." By Ed. Nocard, 
Professor of the Alfort Veterinary College. Trans- 
lated by H. Scurfield, M.D. Ed., Ph. Camb. 

Perhaps the chief interest to doctors of human 
medicine in Professor Nocard's book lies in the 
demonstration of the small part played by heredity, 
and the great part played by contagion in the propa- 
gation of bovine tuberculosis. It seems not unreason- 
able to suppose that the same is the case for human 
tuberculosis, and that, if the children of tuberculosis 
parents were protected from infection by cohabitation 
or ingestion, the importance of heredity as a cause of 
the disease, or even of the predisposition to it, VFOuld 
dwindle away into insignificance. ]2mo, cloth 143 
pages 1 00 

PEGLEM. "The Book of the Goat." 12mo, cloth.l 75 

PELLEBIN. "Median Neurotomy in the Treatment 
of Chronic Tendinitis and Periostosis of the Fetlock." 

By C. Pellerin, late repetltor of Clinic and Surgery to 
the Alfort Veterinary School. Translated, with Addi- 
tional Facts Relating to It, by Prof. A. Liautard, M.D., 
V.M. Svo, boards, illustrated 1 00 

See also under Liautard. 

PBOCTOB. " The Management and Treatment of 
the Horse " in the Stable, Field and on the Road. 
By William Proctor. Svo 2 40 

PETERS. "A Tuberculous Herd-Test with Tuber- 
culin." By Austin Peters, M. R. C. V. S., Chief 
Inspector of Cattle for the New York State Board of 
Health during the winter of 1892-93. Pamphlet 25 



i6 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 

REYNOLD. "Breeding and Management of Draught 
Horses." 8vo, cloth 1 40 



ROBERTSON. "The Practice of Equine Medicine." 

A text-book especially adapted for the use of Veter- 
inary students and Veterinarians. By W. Robertson, 
Principal and Professor of Hippopathology in the 
Eoyal Veterinary College, London. 8vo. cloth, 806 
pages, revised edition 6 25 



{**)ROBERGE. "The Foot of the Horse," or Lame- 
ness and all Diseases of the Feet traced to an Unbal- 
anced Foot Bone, prevented or cured by balancing the 
foot. By David Eoberge. 8vo, cloth 5 00 



{**) SMITH. '*A Manual of Teterinary Physiology." 

By Veterinary Captain F. Smith, M.R.C.V.S. Author 
of "A Manual of Veterinary Hygiene." 

Throughout this manual the object has been to con- 
dense the information as much as possible. The 
broad facts of the sciences are stated so as to render 
them of use to the student and practitioner. In this 
second edition — rewritten — the whole of the Nervous 
System has been revised, a new chapter dealing with 
the Development of the Ovum has been added together 
with many additional facts and illustrations. About 
one hundred additional pages are given. Second 
edition, revised and enlarged, with additional illus- 
trations 3 75 



{")SMITH. " Manual of Veterinary Hygiene." 2nd 

edition, revised. Crown, 8vo, cloth 3 25 



851-853 Siscih Avenue {cor. 48th St.), New Yorh. 17 

STORJSTMOUTH:. "Manual of Scientific Terms." 

Especially referring to those in Botanj', Natural 
History, Medical and Veterinary Science. By Rev. 
James Stornmouth , 3 00 

{**)STIIANGEWAT. 'Veterinary Anatomy. " New 

edition, revised and edited bj' I. Vaughn, F.L.S., 
M.R.C V.S., with several hundred illustrations. 8vo. 
cloth 5 00 

i*)SUSSDOIlF. Colored Plates specially for Lectures. 

Size 40x27. By Professor Sussdorf, M.D. Translated 
by Prof. \V. Owen Williams, of the New Veterinary 
College, Edinburgh. 

Plate 1. — '' Diagram of the Horse." Left or near side 
view. 

Plate 2. — " Diagram of the Mare." Right side view. 

Plate 3 "Anatomy of the Cow," showing the 
position of the viscera in the large cavities of the body. 

Price, unmounted 1 75 each 

" mounted on linen, with roller.. .1 75 extra " 

Plate 4. " The Ox." Showing right side view of the 
position of the viscera in the large cavities of the 
body. 

VETEMINABY DTAGBAMS in Tabular Form. 
Size, 28^ in. x 22 inches. Price per set of five. . . .4 75 

No. 1. "The External Form and Elementary Ana- 
tomy of the Horse." Eight coloured illustrations — 
1. External regions ; 2. Skeleton ; 3. Muscles (Superior 
Layer) ; 4. Muscles (Deep Layer) ; 5. Respiratory Ap- 
paratus ; 6. Digestive Apparatus ; 7. Circulatory Ap- 
paratus ; 8. Nerve Apparatus ; with letter-press descrip- 
tion 1 25 

No. 2. "The Age of Domestic Animals." Forty-two 
figures illustrating the structure of the teeth, indicat- 
ing the Age of the Horse, Ox, Sheep, and Dog, with 
full description 75 



18 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 

No. 3. "The Unsonii(lness and Defects of the Horse." 

Fifty figures iilustratiag— 1. Tlie Defects of Confor- 
mation ; 2. Defects of Position ; 3. Infirmities or Signs 
of Disease ; 4. Unsoundnesses ; 5. Defects of the Foot ; 
witli full description 75 



No. 4. "The Shoeing of the Horse, Mule and Ox.' 

Fifty figures descriptive of tiie Anatomy and Pliysio- 
logy of the Foot and of Horse-shoeing 75 

No. 5. "The Elementary Anatomy, Points, and But- 
cher's Joints of the Ox." Ten coloured illustrations 
— 1. Skeleton; 2. Nervous System; 3. Digestive 
System (Right Side) ; 4. Respiratory System ; 5. Points 
of a Fat Ox ; 6. Muscular System ; 7. Vascular System ; 
8. Digestive System (Left Side) ; 9. Butcher's Sections 
of a Calf ; 10. Butcher's Sections of an Ox ; with full 
description 1 25 

WALiLEY. "Hints on the Breeding and Rearing of 
Farm Animals." 12mo, cloth 80 



"Four Boyine Scourges." (Pleuro - Pneumonia, 
Foot and Mouth Disease, Cattle Plague and 
Tubercle.) With an Appendix on the Inspection of 
Live Animals and Meat. Illustrated, 4to, cloth. .6 40 



"Tlie Horse, Cow and Dog." By Dr. Thomas 
Walley. A poetical account of the "Troubl- 
ous Life of the Horse " ; " The Life of a Dairy Cow," 
and " The Life of a Dog " ; with an article on Animal 
Characteristics. 12rao, cloth. .89 



851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. iSth St.), New I ork. 19 

C) WALLET. "A Practical Guide to Meat Inspection." 

By Thomas Walley, M.R.C.V.S., formerly principal 
of the Edinburgh Royal (Dick) Veterinary College: 
Professor of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, etc. 
Third Edition, thoroughly revised, with forty-five 

coloured illustrations, 12mo, cloth 3 00 

An experience of over 30 years in his profession 
and a long official connection (some sixteen years) 
with Edinburgh Abattoirs have enabled the author to 
gather a large store of information on the subject, 
which he has embodied in his book. Dr. Walley's opi- 
nions are regarded as the highest authority on Meat 
Inspection. 

DWILLIAMS. "Principles and Practice of Veter- 
inary Medicine." New author's edition, entirely 
revised and illustrated with numerous plain and color- 
ed plates. By W. Williams, M.R.C.V.S.Svo., el. .6 00 

— (**) 'Principles and Practice of Veterinary Surgery." 

New author's edition, entirely revised and illustrated 
with numerous plain and colored plates. By W. 
Williams, M.R.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth 6 00 

ZUNDEL. "The Horse's Foot and Its Diseases." By 

A. Ziindel, Principal Veterinarian of Alsace Lorraine. 
Translated by Dr. A. Liautard, V.S. 12mo, cloth 
illustrated 2 00 

ZTJILL. "Typhoid Fever; or Contsig^ious Influenza 
in the Horse." By Prof. W. L. Zuill, M.D.,D.V.S. 
Pamphlet 25 



